Psychology Exam 2

A patient reports seeing objects change shape depending on the angle at which they view them. Which perceptual constancy is MOST likely impaired?

Which scenario BEST exemplifies associative learning?

Damage to the fusiform gyrus is MOST likely to result in which of the following?

A researcher is investigating whether a new medication can reduce the occurrence of a specific reflex. Why is it important to measure the reflex before the medication is administered?

A person consistently perceives a grey object as brighter when it is placed against a black background than when it is placed against a white background. This is an example of what?

Why are lower frequency sounds, but not higher frequency sounds limited by how quickly hair cells can fire?

How does the place theory explain our ability to perceive high-frequency sounds?

An individual is exposed to a sound that results in more hair cells vibrating and those hair cells vibrating more intensely. What perception would result from this exposure?

What is the role of the pinna in sound localization?

Damage to which of the following structures would result in conductive hearing loss?

Sensorineural hearing loss most commonly results from damage to which part of the ear?

A patient reports difficulty understanding speech, despite having normal hearing thresholds. Where might the damage be located?

Taste receptors are located in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

Unlike other sensory information, olfactory signals are sent directly to the brain without first passing through which structure?

Why are smells often associated with strong memories and emotions?

What is the primary function of pheromones?

What is the role of nociceptors?

An individual who cannot feel pain likely suffers from which condition?

Which of the following statements best describes the 'figure-ground relationship' in Gestalt psychology?

How does the phonemic restoration effect demonstrate top-down processing in auditory perception?

Which of the following best describes the relationship between sensation and perception?

In classical conditioning, what is the role of an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A marketing firm subtly incorporates an arrow into their logo. According to the text, how effective is this subliminal message likely to be?

What is the key difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between wavelength and frequency of light?

In the context of hearing, what is the function of the ossicles in the middle ear?

If you stare at a blue wall for a long period and then look at a white surface, which color would you most likely see as an afterimage, and which theory explains this phenomenon?

What occurs during the 'acquisition' phase of classical conditioning?

What is the primary function of the lens in the human eye?

What is the role of the basilar membrane in the process of hearing?

Which statement accurately compares the functions of rods and cones in the retina?

Why is it more difficult to see objects clearly in dim light when looking directly at them?

What is 'spontaneous recovery' in the context of classical conditioning?

What occurs during dark adaptation to improve vision in low-light conditions?

In classical conditioning, what does 'generalization' refer to?

In the context of hearing, what property of a sound wave is associated with pitch?

In the context of visual processing, what is the 'blind spot' in the eye?

Tommy initially cried when seeing a pig due to a biting incident. After repeated exposure to a friendly piglet without any negative consequences, he stopped crying. Which classical conditioning process does this scenario exemplify?

What is the primary function of the optic chiasm in the visual pathway?

Where is the primary visual cortex located in the brain, and what is its primary function?

What mechanism explains how we perceive different pitches, according to the temporal theory?

What is the resultant color when mixing red, green, and blue pigments together (subtractive color mixing)?

Mr. Pigowner always takes Mr. Oinky out for a walk. Tommy avoids Mr. Pigowner even when Mr. Oinky is not around. Which classical conditioning process does this exemplify?

How does 'discrimination' differ from 'generalization' in classical conditioning?

What is the resultant color when mixing red, green, and blue lights together (additive color mixing)?

What is the role of the pinna in the process of hearing?

How do monocular cues contribute to depth perception?

Which of the following best illustrates a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Which of the following is an example of a binocular cue for depth perception?

In the context of hearing, what is the primary function of the cochlea?

Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for regulating balance and coordination?

What are the different parts of the brain and what are they responsible for? (Select all that apply)

How do sensation and perception differ in the context of sensory processing?

What is the relationship between the wavelength of a light wave and perceived color?

How does the visual system process information from the retina to the brain?

What role do hair cells play in the process of hearing?

How is sound intensity encoded by the auditory system?

Prolonged exposure to red light causes fatigue in certain retinal cells. If the light is suddenly changed to white light, which color would be most strongly perceived, and what is the underlying mechanism?

Which depth cue relies on the angle formed by the eyes as they focus on a nearby object?

A person is standing on a long, straight road. The edges of the road appear to converge in the distance, meeting at a single point on the horizon. Which depth cue is best illustrated in this scenario?

Which scenario best exemplifies how overlap contributes to depth perception?

Two people are standing 10 feet apart. To a nearby observer, one appears slightly larger than the other, even though they are known to be the same height. Which depth cue is MOST likely influencing this perception?

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates how size constancy helps us in everyday perception?

What is the MOST likely cause of the Ponzo illusion?

A person with damage to the fusiform gyrus would MOST likely have difficulty with which of the following tasks?

In the Mueller-Lyer illusion, lines with arrowheads pointing inward appear shorter than lines with arrowheads pointing outward. Which of the reasons below is the MOST likely explanation for this illusion?

A graphic designer is creating a website and wants to ensure that a particular logo stands out against various background colors. Considering the principle of brightness contrast, what strategy would be MOST effective?

Why does having one cone send signals to one ganglion cell increase acuity?

What is the effect of the optic chiasm on visual processing?

What is the functional significance of having two distinct visual pathways, the 'what' and 'where/how' pathways?

If you mix magenta, yellow, and blue pigments together, what color would you expect to see, and what type of color mixing does this represent?

What is the fundamental difference in how color is produced by additive versus subtractive color mixing?

What is the ratio of activity between cone types that leads to color perception?

According to the opponent-process theory, what happens when you mix opposing color pairs, such as red-green or blue-yellow?

Why do afterimages occur, according to the opponent-process theory?

Which of the following best describes the process of transduction?

What is the significance of the absolute threshold in sensation?

Why is the concept of a 'threshold' important in understanding sensation?

What distinguishes the 'absolute threshold' from the 'difference threshold'?

If a person can just barely taste 1 teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water, what does this exemplify?

How would sensory adaptation affect someone continuously exposed to a stimulus near their absolute threshold?

A researcher is testing a participant's ability to detect the faintest possible light. According to the definition of absolute threshold, what should the researcher do?

Assuming that all other factors are equal - which sensory modality likely has receptor cells that are most sensitive?

If a person reports a diminished ability to perceive sweet tastes after experiencing nerve damage, which cranial nerve(s) might have been affected?

A chef is creating a new dish and wants to maximize the overall taste experience. Considering the organization of taste receptors, where should the chef focus on placing different flavor components to best stimulate the different primary taste areas?

Anosmia is the loss of the sense of smell. Which of the following could cause someone to develop anosmia?

A scientist is researching how the brain processes smells. If they were to temporarily deactivate the olfactory bulb in a test subject, what would be the MOST likely outcome?

Why might it be difficult to describe a smell?

If someone cannot distinguish between different smells, which brain structure is MOST likely to be damaged?

How does olfactory signal transmission differ from other sensory systems?

A new drug selectively enhances activity in the somatosensory cortex. What change would you MOST expect in a patient taking this drug?

Which of the following analogies best describes how the olfactory bulb processes smells?

A researcher is investigating the relationship between taste and smell. Participants are blindfolded and given various foods to taste while their noses are either clamped shut or open. What is the researcher MOST likely trying to study?

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

What is transduction? Which part of the sensory systems is responsible for transduction?

What are absolute and difference thresholds?

Subliminal messages have a strong effect outside the laboratory?

Explain the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes.

What is sensory adaptation?

What is inattentional blindness?

What is the difference between the electromagnetic spectrum and the visual spectrum?

What are wavelengths? What is the sensation we experience from different light wavelengths?

Name the layers of cells in the retina. Which types of cells are located in each of those layers?

Match the cell type with the function:

Explain the process of dark adaptation.

How do photoreceptors connect to ganglion cells (few-to-one or many-to-one)? What are the consequences of these connections?

What makes up the optic nerve?

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

Are the left and right visual fields associated to the left and right eyes, respectively?

What are visual afterimages? Why do we see afterimages?

What is depth perception?

What do we mean when we say that depth perception uses monocular and binocular cues?

Match the depth cue to the type and description:

What is amplitude, and what sensory characteristic arises from amplitude?

What is frequency, and what sensory characteristic arises from frequency?

Is frequency the same as wavelength?

Match the area of the ear to its function:

How does transduction of sound waves occur?

How can we explain the encoding of pitch and loudness in the cochlea?

Why do we have two ears, one on each side of the head?

Which types of damage produce conductive, sensorineural, and central hearing loss?

What is a cochlear implant? Which type of hearing loss can it attenuate?

Which senses have receptors adapted to sensing chemical signals?

What are the receptors for taste? Where are they located?

Humans appear to have four primary tastes. Name those tastes (and the possible fifth and sixth). If we only have four tastes, why do we experience such a rich variety of tastes?

Which part of the brain processes taste stimuli?

What are the stimulus and the receptors for smell? Where are these receptors located?

What is the first brain destination for olfactory information?

What determines the quality of smell?

What is the vomeronasal organ? How does it relate to pheromone perception? Do humans perceive pheromones?

Why do we say that smells are a component of flavor?

What are the receptors for pain?

What is the difference between inflammatory and neuropathic pain?

Explain some of the issues associated with a lack of pain sensation.

Where in the brain is touch information processed?

Explain and identify each of the following principles of perceptual organization: figure-ground relationship.

What part of the brain is devoted to face perception, and what condition results from injury to this area?

What are perceptual constancies (shape and size) and why are they important? Make sure you can explain the Ames box phenomenon.

Explain the phenomenon of brightness contrast.

What are perceptual illusions? Are they a top-down or bottom-up process?

How can we define learning?

What is associative learning?

Who was Ivan P. Pavlov? Explain the basic experiment that Pavlov conducted, and which is now the prototypical example of classical conditioning.

Make sure you can define and identify a CS, US, CR, and UR.

What do we mean when we say that a response is “acquired”?

Explain what we mean when we say that a response has undergone “extinction.” How does spontaneous recovery relate to extinction?

What is higher-order conditioning? Provide an example.

What are the evolutionary advantages of classical conditioning? Explain this using taste aversion as an example.

Describe the “little Albert" study. What does this study tell us about the development of fears and phobias?

Was the "little Albert” study ethical? How could his fear have been treated?

Using advertisement as an example, can classical conditioning be applied to every day life?

Explain Thorndike's law of effect. Use as an example his studies of cats studying puzzle boxes.

What is shaping? Describe the two principles that make shaping successful.

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

Define positive and negative reinforcement and punishment. You should be able to identify why the procedure is known as “positive” or “negative" and why it constitutes “reinforcement” or "punishment". You will need to identify examples of each.

Is the use of punishment ethical? How can punishment be applied for it to be successful?

Explain the impact of schedules of reinforcement on behavior. Learn to define and signal the graph for each schedule (FI, FR, VI, and VR). Why is the schedule defined as “ratio” or “interval"? Why is it considered to be “fixed” or “variable”? You will need to identify examples of each.

Which schedules of reinforcement result in the most responding? Why?

Explain the difference between a primary and a secondary (conditioned) reinforcer.

Using behavior modification in children as an example, how should time-out be implemented for it to be successful?

What is latent learning?

Define observational learning using the “bobo doll study” as an example.

What are vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment?

What is a subliminal message? Can subliminal messages really impact behavior?

Explain the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes. Could you give an example of each?

What is inattentional blindness? (Remember the video with the 21 changes we watched in class; also see the supplemental materials for Chapter 5 and the textbook to answer this question)

We talked about the inner-most and outer-most layers of the retina. Which types of cells are located in each of those layers?

Are the left and right visual fields associated to the left and right eyes, respectively? (See textbook, class notes, and Chapter 5 Supplemental Materials video for help with this question.)

What are visual afterimages? Why do we see afterimages? (see the Chapter 5 Supplemental Materials for examples)

What is the most accurate term for chemical signals exchanged between members of the same species to communicate reproductive status?

Which of the basic tastes is stimulated by monosodium glutamate (MSG)?

Which type of sensory receptors is primarily responsible for detecting temperature and pain?

Which sensory system is MOST directly involved in maintaining balance and posture?

If you see four people standing close together, which Gestalt principle explains the tendency to perceive them as a single group?

If a musician can detect a change in a musical note only after it has been altered by a specific increment, which concept is being exemplified?

During a long drive, the feeling of the seat against your back diminishes. Which process is MOST likely responsible for this change?

Which option BEST illustrates the concept of transduction?

What process allows you to read words on a page, by organizing the raw sensory data from your eyes into recognizable letters and understanding their meaning?

If the visible spectrum proceeds from short to long wavelengths, then what is the correct order for perceiving colors?

A sound engineer is testing equipment that transmits sound waves between 20-20,000 Hz. Why is this range important?

When listening to music, the unique quality of a piano versus a guitar playing the same note is attributed to differences in frequency, amplitude, and timing of the sound wave. What aspect of sound is being described?

A painter is creating a scene that requires fine details, such as the intricate patterns on a butterfly's wings. Which part of the eye should they understand and consider when creating the art?

Which scenario BEST illustrates classical conditioning principles?

How does negative reinforcement DIFFER from punishment?

Which schedule of reinforcement is MOST resistant to extinction after the reinforcement stops?

In the context of observational learning, what is the role of vicarious reinforcement?

What is the MOST likely outcome if a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?

Which scenario BEST represents stimulus generalization?

Which example BEST illustrates a primary reinforcer?

A child is learning to tie their shoelaces. Their parent first rewards them for making a knot, then for making two loops, and finally for completing the entire tie. Which operant conditioning technique is the parent using?

________ refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to be detected 50% of the time.

According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model, what primarily determines whether information moves from short-term memory to long-term memory?

How does the concept of 'spreading activation' relate to semantic networks?

Which scenario BEST illustrates the difference between recall and recognition?

How do retrieval cues influence memory recall, and how does this relate to encoding specificity?

Which of the following describes a key implication from the case study of patient H.M. (Henry Molaison) regarding memory function?

How does the amygdala contribute to the formation and recall of flashbulb memories?

What is the MOST significant implication of understanding memory as a reconstructive process, especially concerning eyewitness testimony?

What is the major ethical concern regarding Loftus' misinformation effect studies, and how was it addressed?

How does the process of memory reconstruction primarily affect long-term memories?

Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies the misinformation effect?

Which type of memories are primarily stored in the cerebellum?

What is a potential consequence of pressing an eyewitness too hard for testimony?

How does suggestibility relate to the creation of false memories?

Which encoding strategy would MOST likely enhance memory recall by relating new information to personal experiences?

According to the Atkinson & Shiffrin model, sensory memory does NOT:

How many items can be held in short-term memory according to more recent research?

What happens to stimuli that are not attended to according to the Atkinson & Shiffrin model?

Which of the following is the BEST example of semantic encoding?

Which scenario BEST illustrates the function of sensory memory?

Based on Miller's research and subsequent findings on short-term memory, which list would MOST likely be recalled accurately immediately after presentation?

When comparing semantic encoding, self-reference encoding, and visual encoding; which produces the best rate of retention?

After switching from an Android to an iPhone, a person has trouble remembering how to navigate the Android operating system. Which type of interference is MOST likely the cause?

Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective in enhancing the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM)?

An individual involved in a car accident can't recall events leading up to the crash but can form new memories without issue. What type of amnesia are they MOST likely experiencing?

A person is trying to remember a 10-digit phone number. According to chunking principles, which strategy would be MOST effective?

To remember the order of planets, a student creates the sentence "My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles." What memory-enhancing strategy did they use?

A student preparing for an exam decides to study for 30 minutes each day for a week rather than cramming for 3.5 hours the night before. Which study strategy are they employing?

What is the MOST likely outcome if a memory trace in short-term memory (STM) is not actively maintained or transferred to long-term memory (LTM)?

While trying to remember a friend's phone number, you group the digits into sets of three and four (e.g., 555-123-4567). Which memory strategy are you using?

Which statement MOST accurately describes the capacity and duration of long-term memory (LTM)?

During a study session, a student actively tries to connect the material to their own experiences. What strategy is the student using to improve memory?

How does the concept of semantic networks explain how memories are organized in long-term memory (LTM)?

A student is trying to improve their memory for the names of different types of clouds. Which method is MOST likely to produce the best recall?

What is the PRIMARY difference between explicit and implicit memory?

A person is having difficulty focusing on their work because their roommates are having a loud conversation nearby. Which strategy would BEST help them improve their focus and memory encoding?

In the context of memory, what does the term 'activation' refer to within semantic networks?

Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the practical application of mnemonic devices in improving memory?

When comparing short-term memory (STM) for different types of information, what has research indicated regarding capacity?

Which of the following would be considered long-term explicit memory?

Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies proactive interference?

According to the 'seven sins of memory', traumatic memories that are difficult to forget would be an example of which type of memory error?

What is the primary difference between 'transience' and 'absentmindedness' as types of forgetting?

Which scenario BEST illustrates the 'misattribution' error in memory?

What is the MOST likely outcome of a highly suggestible individual being asked leading questions about a past event?

How does the 'bias' sin of memory MOST directly affect our recollections of past events?

What is the key difference between retroactive and proactive interference?

Why might an individual who experienced childhood sexual abuse have no explicit memory of the events as an adult, yet still experience emotional difficulties?

Which of the following is MOST likely to increase the risk of suggestibility and false memories?

What strategy would be MOST effective in reducing the impact of the 'absentmindedness' sin of memory in everyday life?

Which of the following best describes the process of 'recall' in memory retrieval?

Which of the following is an example of 'encoding specificity'?

Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies state-dependent memory?

What was the primary conclusion of Lashley's research on memory engrams in rats?

What is the equipotentiality hypothesis?

What type of memory impairment did patient H.M. experience after undergoing a bilateral medial temporal lobe resection?

What is the main function of the hippocampus in the context of memory?

Which type of memory was generally unaffected in patient H.M. following his surgery?

Which of the following is an example of recognition?

Why are multiple choice tests typically easier than essay tests?

If an individual can easily recall seeing a specific news event on television but struggles to remember where they were when it happened, which aspect of the memory is MOST likely affected?

Which scenario best exemplifies encoding specificity?

How would you expect declarative memory to be affected in a patient with damage limited to the hippocampus?

What differentiates recall from recognition as a measure of memory?

If a person experiences a highly emotional event, such as witnessing a crime, what effect is this MOST likely to have on their subsequent memory of the event?

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the misinformation effect?

In what way did the case study of H.M. (Henry Molaison) advance the understanding of memory?

Which component of working memory is responsible for integrating information from the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad with long-term memory?

How might the capacity of long-term memory be MOST accurately described?

If a person struggles to convert new experiences into lasting memories, which function of memory is MOST likely impaired?

What is the MOST accurate way to describe an engram's role in memory?

Under what circumstances is a flashbulb memory MOST likely to form?

Which cognitive bias MOST accurately describes the tendency to favorably distort past actions and experiences?

Which term BEST describes the temporary inaccessibility of stored information, often characterized by the feeling of knowing the information without being able to retrieve it?

In the context of memory, creating a completely new and coherent account of an event is referred to as ________, while accessing previously stored information about that event is called ________.

If a student is struggling to differentiate between classical and operant conditioning examples, what initial step is recommended based on the professor's guidance?

What action will the professor take in response to student inquiries about unclear examples of conditioning?

Why did the professor decide to move the exam to Thursday instead of holding it on Tuesday immediately after the break?

Besides the TA-led review session, when will the professor hold additional review sessions?

What should students do if they have difficulty understanding the new examples of classical and operant conditioning that the professor will post?

What is the primary reason the professor is providing extra resources and review sessions?

Where can students find the link for the TA-led Zoom review session?

What is the typical format of the professor's review sessions, compared to the TA's sessions?

Which chapters will be covered on Exam 2?

When is Exam 2 scheduled to take place?

Where can students find study questions and notes for Exam 2?

What should students do if they have questions about the material covered in class?

What is the purpose of the research hours mentioned and where are they tracked?

What has been done to accommodate the large amount of material for the exam?

If a student is unable to answer a study question for Chapter 6 using the provided materials, what should they do?

Regarding the relative importance of each chapter on the exam, which of the following is most accurate?

What should a student do if they do not have a Sona account to track their research hours?

If office hours are not listed for a specific day, what does that likely mean?

What is the relationship between the study questions and the content that will be tested on the exam?

Why might the professor choose to delay giving an exam until the Thursday after a break?

What is the most reliable source for confirming exam details, such as covered chapters?

Where should students look to determine the extent to which content from chapter 6 is testable?

What should students do with their reading quiz for chapter six?

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative punishment?

What is the primary purpose of encoding in the context of memory?

Which scenario best illustrates negative reinforcement?

What is the key difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?

According to the principles outlined, which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

Why are memory and learning considered closely related cognitive processes?

What is the role of 'avoidance' in the context of negative reinforcement?

In a classical conditioning experiment, a dog is trained to salivate at the sound of a bell. What is the conditioned stimulus?

A researcher is training a rat to press a lever for food. After the lever is pressed, the rat receives a food pellet. What is the conditioned response?

What are the three essential components of memory processing, in the correct order?

Why is understanding encoding important for understanding memory?

In an experiment, a student classically conditions a friend to blink when the phrase 'That's all folks!' is said. What is the unconditioned stimulus?

What is the main difference between effortful and automatic processing during encoding?

A child is consistently scolded for running into the street. As a result, the child stops running into the street. Which type of operant conditioning is at play?

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the storage component of memory?

A teenager is grounded and loses their phone privileges for failing a class. As a result, their grades improve in subsequent semesters. Which of the following is exemplified?

A parent gives a child candy for completing their homework. Over time, the child starts completing homework more consistently. Which of the following principles of operant conditioning does this best illustrate?

What does it indicate if there is a 'failure' in any of the encoding, storage, or retrieval stages of memory?

If a child cleans their room to avoid having to take out the trash, which operant conditioning principle is being demonstrated?

A student studies diligently to avoid the anxiety they feel when they are unprepared for a test. What concept does this scenario exemplify?

How is encoding similar to computer programming?

What situation exemplifies effective positive reinforcement?

A teenager doesn't have to do chores for a week after getting straight A's. As a result, the teenager continues to strive for straight A's each semester. What operant conditioning principle is being demonstrated?

Which of the following scenarios best describes an example of positive reinforcement?

A worker is paid for every 10 products they assemble. Which reinforcement schedule is being utilized?

A fisherman waits for a fish to bite their line. Bites occur at unpredictable times. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

A telemarketer makes a sale on approximately every 20th call. Which reinforcement schedule is this situation?

A student only studies right before the weekly quiz in their psychology class. What schedule of reinforcement are the quizzes following?

A parent initially praises their child for any attempt to ride a bike. As the child improves, the praise is only given when the child can ride independently for a short distance. Which concept does this illustrate?

After successfully training a rat to press a lever, a researcher stops providing food when the lever is pressed. Over time, the rat presses the lever less and less. Which of the following principles does this illustrate?

Which action exemplifies automatic encoding?

Using the self-reference effect, which study strategy would MOST likely improve test performance?

Why does providing meaning to information improve encoding effectiveness?

What is implied about teaching students in the modern era?

In the memory experiment described, participants were read a list of words associated with sleep. Later, many incorrectly remembered the word 'sleep' being on the list. Which concept does this BEST illustrate?

Which type of encoding is MOST effective for long-term memory retention?

Which strategy allows individuals to remember more information by grouping it into meaningful units?

What is the MOST effective method to employ semantic encoding when studying?

Information is transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory through which process?

The lecture described an experiment where the lecturer asked students to remember a sentence, 'The voyage wasn't delayed because the bottle shattered.' What aspect of memory was the lecturer MOST likely trying to highlight with this example?

A person confidently recalls specific details about an event from their childhood, but later discovers that the event never actually happened. Which memory phenomenon BEST describes their experience?

What is the typical capacity of short-term memory, according to the information?

Why is acoustic encoding considered more effective than visual encoding alone when studying?

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, what is the flow of information through the memory system?

You read a chapter in a textbook, but cannot recall the information when asked about it later. What type of encoding were you MOST likely relying on?

Sarah is trying to remember the LEGO logo. She remembers the background color and letter colors but is unsure of whether the letters are upper or lowercase. What does this BEST demonstrate?

Why is tagging information important when storing it in memory?

Why is elaborative rehearsal essential for moving information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

Which list of actions proceeds from least to most effortful encoding?

What is a mnemonic device, as described?

The instructor used the LEGO logo to illustrate which concept about memory?

What is the main purpose of sensory memory?

How do fast mathematicians often remember large sequences of numbers, according to the information presented?

A student is asked to remember a list of words and recalls 'sleep' even though it was not on the list, but many related words were. Which memory phenomenon is this BEST explained by?

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the cocktail party effect?

What is the MOST likely outcome of trying to memorize a list of words by only focusing on how the words look?

What is the benefit of attempting to relate new information to personal experiences or existing knowledge?

The experiment describing the series of words (bed, rest, awake, etc.) is intended to assess:

What is the estimated duration of unrehearsed information in short-term memory?

Why is it important to briefly hold the beginning sounds of words?

In one experiment, students were asked to recall a sentence verbatim. What aspect of memory process was the lecturer MOST likely trying to emphasize?

Although sensory memory has a large capacity, what is its main limitation?

What differentiates someone with exceptional memory from someone with normal memory function using mnemonic devices?

Which scenario exemplifies the use of a mnemonic strategy to improve memory?

In the context of memory distortions, what is the MOST accurate description of 'source amnesia'?

Why are jingles effective for advertising?

What happens to sensory information that does NOT capture your attention?

How does chunking reduce the load on short-term memory?

Which of the following ways describes the process of using strategies to improve memory?

A person mistakenly recalls that their friend was present at an event, when in reality, their friend was not there. This is BEST explained by failures in what aspect of memory?

Which research finding would MOST strongly support the idea that attention improves memory encoding?

What is the most likely effect of short-term memory loss on new memories?

For auditory information, what is the estimated range of items that can be held in short-term memory?

A witness to a car accident confidently testifies about seeing a red car speeding away from the scene, even though the car was actually blue. This is an example of:

What is the MOST likely consequence of focusing on deep, semantic encoding rather than shallow, surface-level encoding?

While at a concert, a friend asks you a question, but you miss the first few words due to the loud music. What process allows you to potentially still understand the question?

Which of the following best describes the process of encoding?

Why does sectioning a long number sequence into smaller groups, similar to a phone number, aid in recall?

After a head injury, John can no longer form new long-term memories, but he can still recall events from before the injury. Which type of amnesia is John MOST likely experiencing?

When presented with a new concept, what is the advantage of trying to come up with your own examples?

Applying the concept of 'encoding' to studying, which action would be MOST effective for learning new concepts?

According to the passage, what must occur to prevent the loss of information from short-term memory?

How can students studying for an exam implement semantic encoding to improve memory of key concepts?

A person is shown a list of words, including 'doctor', 'nurse', 'hospital', and 'medicine'. Later, when asked to recall the list, they falsely remember seeing the word 'sick'. What BEST explains this memory distortion?

Which of the following scenarios BEST demonstrates how schemas can lead to memory distortion?

If someone struggles to remember what they ate for breakfast despite having no memory disorders, where did the process break down?

Which of the following best describes the function of mnemonic devices?

Why is it difficult to remember the sentence, 'The voyage wasn't delayed because the bottle shattered'?

How do programs like strings use chunking?

Why is short term memory also referred to as working memory?

H.M.'s case demonstrated that he retained the ability to learn new skills, but could not form new explicit memories. What does this suggest about memory systems in the brain?

According to the information, what is primarily associated with the function of the hippocampus?

What is the relationship between attention and sensory memory?

How does chunking improve memory and what type of memory does it primarily affect?

What characterizes semantic networks in memory?

What type of memory allows someone to ice skate proficiently after years of not skating, without much conscious thought?

If an individual has difficulty remembering the layout of a new city, which type of memory is MOST likely impaired?

What is the critical role of the hippocampus in the context of memory?