Questions and Answers
What does bottom-up processing involve?
Sensory receptors.
The study of perception is primarily concerned with how we interpret what?
Sensory stimuli.
What illustrates top-down processing?
Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory.
Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.
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Wavelength is to ________ as ________ is to brightness.
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The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Weisel consist of what?
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What processes complex patterns of information passed by feature detectors?
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What best illustrates parallel processing?
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Most color-deficient people will probably lack functioning what?
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What does the Young-Helmholtz theory propose?
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What does sensory adaptation refer to?
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What best illustrates Weber's law?
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What does sensory adaptation illustrate after listening to high volume music for 15 minutes?
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The receptor of the eye that functions best in dim light is a what?
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Simultaneously analyzing distinct subunits of information received by different areas of the brain is known as what?
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The direct link between a single cone and a single ________ preserves the fine details in the cone's message.
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Complete sensation in the absence of complete perception is best illustrated by what?
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The phenomenon of blindsight best illustrates that visual information can be processed without what?
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In shopping for a new stereo, the difference between models X and Y is below your what?
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Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?
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Berdine, who developed cataracts, most clearly suffers a deficiency in what?
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Ms. Shields correctly reads the title on a book cover but cannot consciously perceive the book. What does this illustrate?
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People who demonstrate blindsight have most likely suffered damage to their what?
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Jennifer can tune her guitar more effectively than Maria because Jennifer is better at detecting whether specific strings are playing too ________ or too ________.
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The transduction of light energy into nerve impulses takes place in the what?
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The process by which sensory information is converted into neural energy is called what?
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When the Moon is near the horizon, it appears larger due to what effect?
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Alyosha perceives his normal aches and pains as disease-related symptoms after hearing rumors about an outbreak. This illustrates the impact of what?
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Although she sees her professor often, Sue Yen didn't recognize her in a grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of what?
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Adults who are born blind but later have their vision restored typically do what?
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The greatest difficulty facing contemporary parapsychology is the what?
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Parapsychology refers to the study of what?
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Researchers found that when external distractions are reduced, what happens over many studies?
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The visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing ________ in infants.
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The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field is called what?
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John Locke is to Immanuel Kant as ________ is to ________.
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What does Weber's law state?
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The phenomenon of size constancy is based upon the close connection between an object's perceived ________ and its perceived ________.
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What enables you to know that a frisbee is getting closer instead of larger?
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Experiments with distorted visual environments demonstrate that what?
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What happens to the horizon Moon when it is viewed through a narrow tube that eliminates distance cues?
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According to the philosopher ________, we learn to perceive the world.
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Study Notes
Perception and Processing
- Bottom-up processing starts with sensory receptors, leading to interpretation.
- Perception focuses on interpreting sensory stimuli and previous experiences.
- Top-down processing involves interpreting new information based on past memories.
- Sensation involves detection of stimuli, while perception entails interpretation.
Visual Attributes
- Wavelength relates to hue, while intensity influences brightness.
- Hue is determined by the wavelength of light, and intensity by light's brightness.
- Color vision relies on three types of color-sensitive cones as proposed by the Young-Helmholtz theory.
Sensory Functioning
- Feature detectors are specific nerve cells in the brain that process visual information.
- Complex visual patterns are processed by supercell clusters, which analyze distinct subunits of information.
- Rods function best in dim light, contributing to vision in low-light conditions.
- Cones directly enable the distinction of different light wavelengths.
Neural Processes and Adaptation
- Sensory adaptation occurs when sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus diminishes.
- Weber's law states that the just noticeable difference (jnd) is a constant proportion of the stimulus.
- The retina is where light energy is converted into neural impulses through transduction.
Visual Perception Phenomena
- Blindsight demonstrates that visual information can be processed without conscious awareness.
- Individuals with prosopagnosia experience complete sensation despite a deficiency in perception.
- The visual cliff is used to test depth perception in infants.
Perceptual Set and Context
- Perceptual set influences how we interpret sensory information based on expectations and past experiences.
- Context effects show the importance of surrounding stimuli on recognition and perception.
Perceptual Adaptation and Learning
- Perceptual adaptation allows adjustment to altered visual environments.
- Adults who regain sight after being blind do not typically recognize familiar objects, indicating the importance of visual experience in recognition.
Psychological Concepts
- Parapsychology studies phenomena like ESP and psychokinesis, facing challenges due to reproducibility issues.
- Experiments show that humans adapt to distorted visual environments better than lower animals.
Philosophical Perspectives
- John Locke's ideas emphasize learning to perceive the world, contrasting with Immanuel Kant's view on innate understanding.
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Description
Prepare for your Psychology Exam 2 with these flashcards covering key concepts in perception and sensation. Each card includes important definitions and terms to enhance your understanding of bottom-up and top-down processing.