Psychology Exam 2 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What do categories allow us to do?

Understand the past

Evolve new forms of language

Form association between stimuli

Infer the invisible properties of objects (correct)

Erik attributes the cause of his neighbor's accident to her reckless driving. This attribution is consistent with which concept?

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Fundamental attribution error (correct)

Information integration theory

Self-serving bias

If categories are formed using prototypes, how is a new object evaluated?

Each new object is compared to the existing members of the category

Each new object must possess all the necessary features to be considered acceptable members of a new category

Category membership is determined by the particular set of core features an object possesses

Each new object is compared to the best or most representative of the category (correct)

In the covariation model of attribution, which information is used to determine if a causal event consistently leads to change?

Consistency Signup and view all the answers

The concept that abnormal behavior represents an underlying disease that can be treated is a key assumption of which model?

Medical Model Signup and view all the answers

The processes that underlie mental manipulation of knowledge in problem-solving are called:

Thinking Signup and view all the answers

An example of intrinsic motivation is:

Reading for enjoyment and pleasure Signup and view all the answers

Lara decided flying was too risky due to recent news of a plane crash. Her risk estimate is influenced by:

Availability heuristic Signup and view all the answers

If categories are formed using exemplars, how are new objects evaluated?

Each new object is compared to the existing members of the category Signup and view all the answers

The process through which individuals act according to others' expectations is called:

Self-fulfilling prophecy Signup and view all the answers

The behavioral therapy designed to remove unwanted pleasant associations is called:

Aversion therapy Signup and view all the answers

In category hierarchies, the basic level for a category is best described as:

An intermediate level that generates the most useful and predictive information Signup and view all the answers

What are step-by-step rules that guarantee a solution for a problem called?

Algorithms Signup and view all the answers

The type of intelligence Howard Gardner proposes is demonstrated by surgeons:

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Bob's father thinks he has a future in basketball despite evidence to the contrary. This is an example of:

Belief persistence Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Lance frequently argues with clients, trying to help them confront irrational beliefs. She is likely a:

Rational-emotive therapist Signup and view all the answers

When using the representativeness heuristic, how do people estimate probabilities?

By comparing the event to their prototype Signup and view all the answers

The psychodynamic approach emphasizes that our behavior is governed by:

Unconscious force Signup and view all the answers

The primary aim of behavioral therapies is to:

Use the principles of learning to solve problems Signup and view all the answers

Miranda has an eating disorder but looks typical for her age. This is likely an instance of:

Bulimia nervosa Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what represents people reaching their full potential?

Self-actualization needs Signup and view all the answers

If Kim's accusation is true about Flo making different attributions for their behaviors, this illustrates:

Actor-observer effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of human needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

Physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phases in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion Signup and view all the answers

What are the two routes to persuasion in the elaboration likelihood model?

Peripheral and central routes Signup and view all the answers

When a person's opinions align with a group's norm, this behavior is known as:

Conformity Signup and view all the answers

The neurotransmitter most commonly affected by prescribed antidepressants is:

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

According to Raymond Cattell, the knowledge and abilities that are acquired are known as:

Crystallized intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Compelling needs to perform certain actions are called:

Compulsions Signup and view all the answers

Cultural differences affect perceptions of premarital sex and nudity. These differences can be better understood as:

Sexual scripts Signup and view all the answers

The social-cognitive approach to personality is criticized for its:

Insufficiency as a general account of personality development Signup and view all the answers

A highly focused, irrational fear of an object or situation can be classified as:

Phobic disorder Signup and view all the answers

According to Masters and Johnson, which phase of sexual arousal involves initial physiological responses?

Excitement phase Signup and view all the answers

Jonas seeks evidence to support his theory without considering contrary evidence. This behavior displays:

Confirmation bias Signup and view all the answers

Chlorpromazine is a dopamine antagonist, indicating that it:

Blocks the use of dopamine in the brain Signup and view all the answers

The ego-defense mechanism that transforms undesirable thoughts into their opposites is:

Reaction formation Signup and view all the answers

Secondary prevention involves:

Early identification of risk factors for specific populations Signup and view all the answers

Kai's impoverished environment suggests his intellectual performance will likely be:

Near the bottom of his potential IQ range Signup and view all the answers

An individual who is anxious and insecure would likely score high in the:

Neuroticism dimension of the Big Five model of personality Signup and view all the answers

The tendency to exert less effort in a group compared to working alone is known as:

Social loafing Signup and view all the answers

Sebastian's constant worry and trouble sleeping likely classifies him as having:

Generalized anxiety disorder Signup and view all the answers

Beliefs about personal traits of specific groups are called:

Stereotypes Signup and view all the answers

The theory that individuals can alter emotional experiences by changing their interpretations of physiological arousal is:

Two-factor theory of emotion Signup and view all the answers

Caleb did not help an elderly lady struggling with packages, illustrating the:

Bystander effect Signup and view all the answers

Humanistic therapies primarily aim to:

Help individuals gain insight into their self-worth Signup and view all the answers

Which relaxation technique involves focusing on blood flow toward tense muscle groups?

Autogenic training Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five dimensions of personality in the Big Five model?

Imagination Signup and view all the answers

Khiem, who has lost interest in daily activities and has gained weight, would likely be classified as having:

Major depression Signup and view all the answers

When do people make internal attributions for behavior?

High in consistency, but low in distinctiveness or consensus Signup and view all the answers

Tertiary prevention involves:

Handling and containing an illness once it has been acquired Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Categories and Attribution

Categories help infer invisible properties of objects.
Fundamental attribution error happens when people attribute others' behavior to their character rather than situational factors.

Prototypes and Exemplars

Prototypes involve comparing new objects to the best representative of a category.
Exemplars focus on comparing new objects to existing members of a category.

Attribution Models

Consistency is key in the covariation model of attribution when determining causal events.

Behavioral and Cognitive Models

Medical Model asserts that abnormal behavior stems from underlying diseases.
Thinking involves mental manipulation aimed at problem-solving.

Motivation

Intrinsic motivation is exemplified by doing activities for personal enjoyment.

Heuristics and Biases

The availability heuristic affects risk perception based on recent examples.
Confirmation bias leads individuals to seek evidence that supports their theories while ignoring contradictions.

Therapies and Psychological Concepts

Aversion therapy uses classical conditioning to eliminate undesirable associations.
Rational-emotive therapy encourages confronting irrational beliefs.

Intelligence and Personality Concepts

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is illustrated by surgeon skills.
The neuroticism dimension correlates with anxiety and insecurity in personality traits.

Human Needs and Motivation

Self-actualization needs represent the desire to reach full potential according to Maslow's hierarchy.
Various stages of human needs, arranged from basic to higher-level, emphasize physiological needs first.

Adaptation and Emotional Theories

General adaptation syndrome includes alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
The two-factor theory of emotion links physiological arousal to emotional experience through cognitive interpretation.

Conformity involves aligning opinions or behaviors with group norms.
The bystander effect occurs when individuals don’t act in emergencies, often due to the presence of others.

Disorders and Preventions

Generalized anxiety disorder features chronic worry and sleep issues.
Major depression is indicated by loss of interest in activities and significant weight changes.
Secondary prevention identifies risk factors early, while tertiary prevention addresses existing conditions.

Miscellaneous Facts

Stereotypes are beliefs about individuals based on group affiliation.
The Big Five personality model includes dimensions like extraversion and neuroticism, but not imagination.
Autogenic training is a relaxation technique that promotes blood flow to tense muscles.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards for Psychology Exam 2 from Purdue University. Each card covers key concepts, such as categories in language and attribution theories. Perfect for studying before the exam!