Psychology Exam 2 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

  • Sleep deprivation affects physical health.
  • Sleep deprivation has no impact on mood.
  • Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD. (correct)
  • Sleep deprivation can lead to cognitive impairments.

    • Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

  • It has no effects on mental health. (correct)
  • It may cause sleep problems.
  • It will probably lead to substance abuse.
  • It can disrupt circadian rhythms.

    • People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.

    1

    Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?

    <p>Jemma, competing in a marathon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

    <p>circadian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

    <p>darkness; light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

    <p>circadian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sleep debt is the result of ________.

    <p>insufficient sleep on a chronic basis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

    <p>circadian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

    <p>chronotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone does the pineal gland release?

    <p>melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mona is probably suffering from ________ when she feels fatigued and has trouble sleeping after her flight.

    <p>jet lag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When Brady is hot he sweats. When he is cold, he gets goose bumps. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________.

    <p>homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hamid may be experiencing ________ when he cannot fall asleep after long hours of work.

    <p>sleep rebound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ali is in a state of ________ when he is aware of his feelings, thoughts, and surroundings.

    <p>consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Victoria suffers from chronic sleep deprivation. This means she ________.

    <p>has accumulated a large sleep debt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological perspective might further the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks?

    <p>evolutionary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state is marked by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness?

    <p>sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?

    <p>Melatonin initiates the waking cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus.'

    <p>The word 'pineal' should be changed to the word 'suprachiasmatic.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli.

    <p>internal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing a friend's voice are examples of ________ stimuli.

    <p>external</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcohol is considered a ________ because it suppresses central nervous system activity.

    <p>depressant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is a group of sleep disorders with unwanted motor activity and/or experiences during sleep.

    <p>parasomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isla describes her dream to a friend. What is her description focused on?

    <p>manifest content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

    <p>an individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences symptoms ________.

    <p>at least three nights a week for one month.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress. What does this exemplify?

    <p>psychological dependence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nancy changes her nightmare to a good dream. What type of dreaming is this?

    <p>lucid dreaming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use.

    <p>changes in normal bodily function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it increases neural activity.

    <p>stimulant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

    <p>Sigmund Freud.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are uncomfortable sensations in the leg during inactivity a symptom of?

    <p>restless leg syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ involves a virtual reality model of the world.

    <p>protoconsciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

    <p>narcolepsy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________.

    <p>outside periods of REM sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of ________.

    <p>parasomnias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events?

    <p>Rosalind Cartwright.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

    <p>alpha.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who described the collective unconscious?

    <p>Carl Jung.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness?

    <p>John Hobson.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

    <p>kicking and punching while asleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is false?

    <p>She is a Jungian dream analyst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when working a rotating shift?

    <p>Expose yourself to bright light while working.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, expert practitioners may exhibit unique brain wave patterns.

    <p>meditation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

    <p>They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________.

    <p>people in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency.'

    <p>The word 'increased' should be changed to the word 'decreased.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shoresh suggests that Ted clucking like a chicken during hypnosis is an example of the ________ theory of hypnotism.

    <p>social-cognitive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

    <p>stage 2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS?

    <p>Above average birth weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

    <p>opioid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

    <p>smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xi feels agitated, has twitches, irregular heartbeat, and nausea after drinking several cups of cola. What is causing these symptoms?

    <p>caffeine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day.'

    <p>Remove the phrase 'do not.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

    <p>Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized, they have voluntarily divided their consciousness.

    <p>dissociative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory experiences.

    <p>hallucinogenic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    While the American Heart Association suggests meditation for hypertension, ________.

    <p>there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    While ________ is generally achieved through interaction with a therapist, an individual can perform ________ alone.

    <p>hypnosis; meditation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid?

    <p>methadone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high?

    <p>feelings of intense elation and pleasure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is amplitude?

    <p>Height of a wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is another term for the malleus.

    <p>hammer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hertz is a measure of ________.

    <p>frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the X-shaped structure that sits below the brain's ventral surface?

    <p>optic chiasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

    <p>afterimage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

    <p>Gestalt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.

    <p>since birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

    <p>ultraviolet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge?

    <p>top-down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

    <p>optic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described by the concept of perception?

    <p>how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vertigo?

    <p>spinning sensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? 'Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks,

    <p>top-down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain; this is an example of ________.

    <p>transduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept is illustrated by participants instructed to focus on either white or black objects and not noticing a red cross?

    <p>inattentional blindness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is a chemical message sent by another individual.

    <p>pheromone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ refers to how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

    <p>perception; sensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ is also known as the anvil.

    <p>incus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference?

    <p>just noticeable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of processing is exemplified by Esther's thoughts while her mother offers her a dish?

    <p>bottom-up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses efficiently, leading to difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.

    <p>night blindness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

    <p>lens; fovea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while low-frequency sound waves are perceived as ________.

    <p>low-pitched sounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

    <p>afterimage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Akeelah performs an eye test describing binocular disparity. What is illustrated by her actions?

    <p>binocular disparity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory?

    <p>Both theories are equally accurate but apply to different levels of the nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

    <p>optic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wesley is in a dark movie theater. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to him?

    <p>rods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye holds eye color?

    <p>iris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.

    <p>lower; higher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ is also known as the anvil.

    <p>incus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.

    <p>cornea; pupil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original focus of Swets' signal detection theory?

    <p>improving sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a binaural cue?

    <p>two-eared cue to localize sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.

    <p>longer wavelengths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________.

    <p>dilated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kimya perceives a spot after looking away from a bright light. What is this spot?

    <p>afterimage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sleep and Biological Rhythms

    • Sleep deprivation often leads to symptoms similar to ADHD, contradicting common perceptions.
    • Rotating shift work may not cause substance abuse, contrary to some beliefs.
    • Waking during stage 1 sleep often leads to reports of not having been asleep.
    • Circadian rhythm governs biological processes over roughly 24 hours, influencing sleep-wake cycles.
    • Melatonin, released in darkness and inhibited by light, regulates sleep patterns.

    Sleep Debt and Disorders

    • Regular hunger signifies a circadian rhythm, just as sleep debt indicates chronic sleep deprivation.
    • Sleep cycles consist of four NREM stages alongside one REM stage.
    • Jet lag results from traveling across time zones, leading to fatigue and irritability.
    • Sleep-related disorders include parasomnia, where motor activities disrupt sleep.

    Consciousness and States of Sleep

    • States of consciousness involve awareness of feelings, emotions, and surroundings, indicating a conscious state.
    • Chronic sleep deprivation leads to significant sleep debt, impacting daily functioning.
    • Evolutionary perspectives argue that sleep patterns evolved to reduce predation risks during darkness.

    Dreaming and Hypnosis

    • Freud differentiated dreams into manifest (surface content) and latent (underlying meaning).
    • Lucid dreaming occurs when a person is aware that they are dreaming and can exert control over the dream.
    • Hypnosis operates on social-cognitive levels, where individuals adopt roles during hypnotic states.

    Visual and Auditory Processing

    • Visual stimuli processed through rods and cones differ in function; rods allow vision in low light, while cones enable color perception.
    • Perception is how sensory information is interpreted, while sensation refers to its detection by receptors.
    • Trichromatic and opponent-process theories explain color perception through varying theories at different neural levels.

    Hearing and Sound Perception

    • The auditory system converts sound waves into neural messages; sound frequencies relate to pitch.
    • Binaural cues aid in sound localization through inputs from both ears.
    • The ear's structure includes the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup), which play roles in sound transmission.

    Attention and Perception

    • Inattentional blindness occurs when focus prevents the perception of unexpected stimuli.
    • Afterimages arise as visual sensations persist post-stimulus removal, revealing how visual perception functions.
    • Binocular disparity demonstrates depth perception through differences in visual input between the eyes.

    Additional Concepts

    • Crack cocaine is more addictive due to its rapid effects when smoked.
    • Psychological dependence differs from physical dependence, the latter indicated by withdrawal symptoms.
    • Gestalt psychology examines perception through principles like figure-ground relationships and closure.
    • External and internal stimuli influence consciousness, ranging from sensory inputs to emotional state awareness.

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    Test your knowledge with these flashcards for Psychology Exam 2. Each card challenges you to identify false statements about sleep deprivation and rotating shift work, as well as specific facts about sleep stages. Perfect for quick reviews before your exam!

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