Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?
Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?
- Sleep deprivation affects physical health.
- Sleep deprivation has no impact on mood.
- Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD. (correct)
- Sleep deprivation can lead to cognitive impairments.
Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?
Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?
- It has no effects on mental health. (correct)
- It may cause sleep problems.
- It will probably lead to substance abuse.
- It can disrupt circadian rhythms.
People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.
People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.
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Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?
Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?
The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.
The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.
Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.
Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.
Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.
Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.
The sleep debt is the result of ________.
The sleep debt is the result of ________.
The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.
The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.
Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.
Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.
What hormone does the pineal gland release?
What hormone does the pineal gland release?
Mona is probably suffering from ________ when she feels fatigued and has trouble sleeping after her flight.
Mona is probably suffering from ________ when she feels fatigued and has trouble sleeping after her flight.
When Brady is hot he sweats. When he is cold, he gets goose bumps. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________.
When Brady is hot he sweats. When he is cold, he gets goose bumps. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________.
How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?
How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?
Hamid may be experiencing ________ when he cannot fall asleep after long hours of work.
Hamid may be experiencing ________ when he cannot fall asleep after long hours of work.
Ali is in a state of ________ when he is aware of his feelings, thoughts, and surroundings.
Ali is in a state of ________ when he is aware of his feelings, thoughts, and surroundings.
Victoria suffers from chronic sleep deprivation. This means she ________.
Victoria suffers from chronic sleep deprivation. This means she ________.
Which psychological perspective might further the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks?
Which psychological perspective might further the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks?
Which state is marked by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness?
Which state is marked by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness?
Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?
Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus.'
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus.'
Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli.
Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli.
Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing a friend's voice are examples of ________ stimuli.
Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing a friend's voice are examples of ________ stimuli.
Alcohol is considered a ________ because it suppresses central nervous system activity.
Alcohol is considered a ________ because it suppresses central nervous system activity.
________ is a group of sleep disorders with unwanted motor activity and/or experiences during sleep.
________ is a group of sleep disorders with unwanted motor activity and/or experiences during sleep.
Isla describes her dream to a friend. What is her description focused on?
Isla describes her dream to a friend. What is her description focused on?
Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.
Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.
To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences symptoms ________.
To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences symptoms ________.
Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress. What does this exemplify?
Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress. What does this exemplify?
Nancy changes her nightmare to a good dream. What type of dreaming is this?
Nancy changes her nightmare to a good dream. What type of dreaming is this?
Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use.
Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use.
Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it increases neural activity.
Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it increases neural activity.
Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?
Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?
What are uncomfortable sensations in the leg during inactivity a symptom of?
What are uncomfortable sensations in the leg during inactivity a symptom of?
________ involves a virtual reality model of the world.
________ involves a virtual reality model of the world.
Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.
Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.
NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________.
NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________.
Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of ________.
Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of ________.
Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events?
Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events?
The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.
The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.
Who described the collective unconscious?
Who described the collective unconscious?
Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness?
Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness?
Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?
Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?
Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is false?
Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is false?
What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when working a rotating shift?
What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when working a rotating shift?
A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, expert practitioners may exhibit unique brain wave patterns.
A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, expert practitioners may exhibit unique brain wave patterns.
Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?
Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?
The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________.
The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency.'
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency.'
Shoresh suggests that Ted clucking like a chicken during hypnosis is an example of the ________ theory of hypnotism.
Shoresh suggests that Ted clucking like a chicken during hypnosis is an example of the ________ theory of hypnotism.
In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?
In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?
Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS?
Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS?
Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.
Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.
Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.
Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.
Xi feels agitated, has twitches, irregular heartbeat, and nausea after drinking several cups of cola. What is causing these symptoms?
Xi feels agitated, has twitches, irregular heartbeat, and nausea after drinking several cups of cola. What is causing these symptoms?
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day.'
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day.'
What occurs during stage 1 sleep?
What occurs during stage 1 sleep?
________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized, they have voluntarily divided their consciousness.
________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized, they have voluntarily divided their consciousness.
Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory experiences.
Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory experiences.
While the American Heart Association suggests meditation for hypertension, ________.
While the American Heart Association suggests meditation for hypertension, ________.
While ________ is generally achieved through interaction with a therapist, an individual can perform ________ alone.
While ________ is generally achieved through interaction with a therapist, an individual can perform ________ alone.
Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid?
Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid?
Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high?
Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high?
What is amplitude?
What is amplitude?
________ is another term for the malleus.
________ is another term for the malleus.
Hertz is a measure of ________.
Hertz is a measure of ________.
What is the X-shaped structure that sits below the brain's ventral surface?
What is the X-shaped structure that sits below the brain's ventral surface?
What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?
Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?
Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.
Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.
Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge?
Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge?
Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?
Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?
What is described by the concept of perception?
What is described by the concept of perception?
What is vertigo?
What is vertigo?
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? 'Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks,
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? 'Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks,
Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain; this is an example of ________.
Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain; this is an example of ________.
What concept is illustrated by participants instructed to focus on either white or black objects and not noticing a red cross?
What concept is illustrated by participants instructed to focus on either white or black objects and not noticing a red cross?
________ is a chemical message sent by another individual.
________ is a chemical message sent by another individual.
________ refers to how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
________ refers to how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
The ________ is also known as the anvil.
The ________ is also known as the anvil.
Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference?
Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference?
What kind of processing is exemplified by Esther's thoughts while her mother offers her a dish?
What kind of processing is exemplified by Esther's thoughts while her mother offers her a dish?
Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses efficiently, leading to difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.
Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses efficiently, leading to difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.
In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.
In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.
High-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while low-frequency sound waves are perceived as ________.
High-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while low-frequency sound waves are perceived as ________.
What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
Akeelah performs an eye test describing binocular disparity. What is illustrated by her actions?
Akeelah performs an eye test describing binocular disparity. What is illustrated by her actions?
Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory?
Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory?
Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?
Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?
Wesley is in a dark movie theater. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to him?
Wesley is in a dark movie theater. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to him?
Which part of the eye holds eye color?
Which part of the eye holds eye color?
Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.
Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.
The ________ is also known as the anvil.
The ________ is also known as the anvil.
Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.
Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.
What was the original focus of Swets' signal detection theory?
What was the original focus of Swets' signal detection theory?
What is a binaural cue?
What is a binaural cue?
Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.
Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.
When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________.
When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________.
Kimya perceives a spot after looking away from a bright light. What is this spot?
Kimya perceives a spot after looking away from a bright light. What is this spot?
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Study Notes
Sleep and Biological Rhythms
- Sleep deprivation often leads to symptoms similar to ADHD, contradicting common perceptions.
- Rotating shift work may not cause substance abuse, contrary to some beliefs.
- Waking during stage 1 sleep often leads to reports of not having been asleep.
- Circadian rhythm governs biological processes over roughly 24 hours, influencing sleep-wake cycles.
- Melatonin, released in darkness and inhibited by light, regulates sleep patterns.
Sleep Debt and Disorders
- Regular hunger signifies a circadian rhythm, just as sleep debt indicates chronic sleep deprivation.
- Sleep cycles consist of four NREM stages alongside one REM stage.
- Jet lag results from traveling across time zones, leading to fatigue and irritability.
- Sleep-related disorders include parasomnia, where motor activities disrupt sleep.
Consciousness and States of Sleep
- States of consciousness involve awareness of feelings, emotions, and surroundings, indicating a conscious state.
- Chronic sleep deprivation leads to significant sleep debt, impacting daily functioning.
- Evolutionary perspectives argue that sleep patterns evolved to reduce predation risks during darkness.
Dreaming and Hypnosis
- Freud differentiated dreams into manifest (surface content) and latent (underlying meaning).
- Lucid dreaming occurs when a person is aware that they are dreaming and can exert control over the dream.
- Hypnosis operates on social-cognitive levels, where individuals adopt roles during hypnotic states.
Visual and Auditory Processing
- Visual stimuli processed through rods and cones differ in function; rods allow vision in low light, while cones enable color perception.
- Perception is how sensory information is interpreted, while sensation refers to its detection by receptors.
- Trichromatic and opponent-process theories explain color perception through varying theories at different neural levels.
Hearing and Sound Perception
- The auditory system converts sound waves into neural messages; sound frequencies relate to pitch.
- Binaural cues aid in sound localization through inputs from both ears.
- The ear's structure includes the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup), which play roles in sound transmission.
Attention and Perception
- Inattentional blindness occurs when focus prevents the perception of unexpected stimuli.
- Afterimages arise as visual sensations persist post-stimulus removal, revealing how visual perception functions.
- Binocular disparity demonstrates depth perception through differences in visual input between the eyes.
Additional Concepts
- Crack cocaine is more addictive due to its rapid effects when smoked.
- Psychological dependence differs from physical dependence, the latter indicated by withdrawal symptoms.
- Gestalt psychology examines perception through principles like figure-ground relationships and closure.
- External and internal stimuli influence consciousness, ranging from sensory inputs to emotional state awareness.
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