PSY 1000 Psychology Study Questions PDF

PSY 1000 – Introduction to Psychology Instructor: Dr. Martha Escobar STUDY QUESTIONS – Chapter 6 This study guide is designed to be used after you have completed reviewing and studying the material. I recommend that you try to a...

PSY 1000 – Introduction to Psychology Instructor: Dr. Martha Escobar STUDY QUESTIONS – Chapter 6 This study guide is designed to be used after you have completed reviewing and studying the material. I recommend that you try to answer all questions without looking at your notes and without exceeding the space provided (you should answer each question in 1-3 sentences). This will give you a good idea of whether you have understood the material. Definitions should not exceed 1 sentence. Completing all reading assignments will make it much easier to come up with proper definitions and examples for the material below. Names that are not listed as part of the keywords are not going to be required for successful exam completion. 1. How can we define learning? 2. What is associative learning? 3. Who was Ivan P. Pavlov? Explain the basic experiment that Pavlov conducted, and which is now the prototypical example of classical conditioning. 4. Make sure you can define and identify a CS, US, CR, and UR. 5. What do we mean when we say that a response is “acquired”? 6. Explain what we mean when we say that a response has undergone “extinction.” How does spontaneous recovery relate to extinction? 7. What is higher-order conditioning? Provide an example. 8. What are the evolutionary advantages of classical conditioning? Explain this using taste aversion as an example. 9. Describe the “little Albert” study. What does this study tell us about the development of fears and phobias? 10. Was the “little Albert” study ethical? How could his fear have been treated? 11. Using advertisement as an example, can classical conditioning be applied to every day life? 12. What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning? 13. Explain Thorndike’s law of effect. Use as an example his studies of cats studying puzzle boxes. 14. What is shaping? Describe the two principles that make shaping successful. 15. What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment? 16. Define positive and negative reinforcement and punishment. You should be able to identify why the procedure is known as “positive” or “negative” and why it constitutes “reinforcement” or “punishment”. You will need to identify examples of each. 17. Is the use of punishment ethical? How can punishment be applied for it to be successful? 18. Explain the impact of schedules of reinforcement on behavior. Learn to define and signal the graph for each schedule (FI, FR, VI, and VR). Why is the schedule defined as “ratio” or “interval”? Why is it considered to be “fixed” or “variable”? You will need to identify examples of each. 19. Which schedules of reinforcement result in the most responding? Why? 20. Explain the difference between a primary and a secondary (conditioned) reinforcer. 21. Using behavior modification in children as an example, how should time-out be implemented for it to be successful? 22. What is latent learning? 23. Define observational learning using the “bobo doll study” as an example. 24. What are vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment?