44 Questions
What is the definition of natural menopause?
12 consecutive months of amenorrhea in a woman over 40 years old
At what age does perimenopause/menopausal transition typically begin?
47 years
What is the significance of primary ovarian insufficiency?
Irregular or cessation of ovulatory menstrual cycles before age 40
How does surgical menopause differ from natural menopause?
Involves removal of functioning ovaries leading to immediate menopause
What typically happens to the number of ovarian follicles as women age?
Decreases
When does the production of follicle-stimulating hormone vary and then increase?
As women age
What is the primary indication for hormone therapy?
Minimizing menopausal symptoms
Which hormone therapy regimen is recommended for females with a uterus?
Estrogen combined with progestin
What is the role of progestin in hormone therapy for females with a uterus?
Thins out the endometrial lining
Why is it essential for females with a uterus to take both estrogen and progesterone together?
To prevent endometrial cancer
What is the primary difference between estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT)?
ERT is unopposed estrogen, while HRT is estrogen combined with progestin.
Which type of hormone therapy helps in lowering the risk of osteoporotic fractures?
Estrogen combined with progestin
Why do females without a uterus have more flexibility in choosing their hormone therapy regimen?
They do not need to worry about endometrial cancer.
What is the source of conjugated estrogens, also known as Premarin?
Derived from mare urine
'FRAX tool' is used to assess what aspect in postmenopausal women?
Fracture risk equivalent to a 65-year-old female
When is estrogen alone recommended as part of hormone replacement therapy?
For females without a uterus
What is the recommended treatment for genitourinary syndrome of menopause to reverse vaginal atrophy and reduce urinary tract infections?
Topical estrogen therapy
Which alternative medication showed no impact on reducing hot flashes when compared to placebo in clinical trials?
Black cohosh
What is the recommended first-line therapy for women experiencing dyspareunia associated with vaginal atrophy?
Ospemifene
How often should vaginal estrogen treatment be initiated for women with distressing symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause?
Daily for one to two weeks
What does Ospemifene primarily help with in women experiencing symptoms of menopause?
Dyspareunia
What is the purpose of calcium supplements for post-menopausal women?
To address osteoporosis risk
Which activity can help improve elasticity, vascularity, and epithelial proliferation in post-menopausal women?
Weight-bearing exercises
What should be evaluated before starting vaginal topical treatments in post-menopausal women?
Bleeding
Which of the following is NOT a non-hormonal treatment recommended for women during and after breast cancer treatments?
Vaginal estrogen therapy
What is the main purpose of encouraging lifestyle modifications in post-menopausal women?
To address cardiovascular risk factors
What did the Women's Health Initiative study demonstrate about women who take estrogen with progesterone versus placebo?
Increased risk of invasive breast cancer
What is a common side effect of hormone replacement therapy that may not be as serious?
Headaches
Why do most physicians believe the Women's Health Initiative study had many adverse events?
Participants were well into menopause and beyond the age to benefit from hormones.
Which therapy should never be given for cardioprotective benefits, according to the text?
Hormone replacement therapy
What is a contraindication for receiving hormone therapy according to the text?
Active liver disease
What effect did estrogen alone have on the risk of invasive breast cancer?
No effect on risk
Which of the following is NOT listed as a non-hormonal treatment for vasomotor symptoms?
Estrogen gel
What is recommended as the maximum duration for hormone therapy according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists?
5 years
What are some common side effects associated with hormone replacement therapy?
Breast tenderness and headaches
What was one of the key findings regarding ultra-low-dose regimens in relation to hormone replacement therapy?
The results were mixed.
What is the cause of anovulation?
Inadequate estradiol production
Which form of estrogen becomes dominant during menopause?
Estrone
How can the risks of cardiovascular disease be offset during menopause?
Increasing exercise and maintaining a healthy diet
What symptom do about 80% of menopausal women report experiencing?
Vasomotor symptoms
How long do vasomotor symptoms typically last in menopausal women?
One to five minutes
What is a common symptom associated with urogenital atrophy in menopausal women?
Vaginal dryness and itching
What symptom is linked to menopause as being one of the worst and nearly universal among women?
Sleep disturbance
What skin change occurs during menopause?
"Skin becomes thinner"
Test your knowledge on FSH levels and ovarian failure, and how they are related. Understand the impact of hormones and medications on lab results, and the importance of pregnancy tests in certain situations.
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