Female Reproductive System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the ovaries?

  • To transport sperm
  • To provide nourishment to the fetus
  • To produce eggs and hormones (correct)
  • To shed the uterine lining

    • All of the primary oocytes present at birth will mature into ovum.

    False

    What happens to the secondary oocyte if fertilization occurs?

    It completes meiosis II to produce an ovum and a second polar body.

    The ______________ is the pathway for menstrual flow and also serves as the birth canal.

    <p>vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the fallopian tubes is true?

    <p>They are the site for fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Ovum = Female reproductive cell Meiosis I = First meiotic division producing secondary oocyte FSH = Hormone stimulating oocyte growth Clitoris = Erectile tissue in the female genitalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cervix acts as a passageway for sperm, menstrual fluid, and fetus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of polar bodies in oogenesis?

    <p>They are the smaller cells produced during meiosis that degenerate and do not develop into ovum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does ovulation occur?

    <p>Ovulatory Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Progesterone is responsible for preparing the mammary glands and uterus for pregnancy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) after fertilization?

    <p>To maintain the corpus luteum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ phase lasts for 14 days and precedes menstruation.

    <p>luteal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the female reproductive structures with their functions:

    <p>Labia majora = Protect and cover the internal structures Clitoris = Sensory organ for sexual arousal Greater vestibular glands = Secretes lubricating fluid Corpus luteum = Secretes progesterone during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the corpus luteum secrete large amounts of progesterone?

    <p>In the luteal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary oocyte completes meiosis I during the luteal phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the onset of labor at the end of pregnancy?

    <p>The fall of progesterone levels and rise in estrogen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ phase involves the tearing of connections between the endometrium and placenta.

    <p>placental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone regulates the production of FSH and LH during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>GnRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the corpus luteum secrete to prepare the uterine lining for a fertilized egg?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fimbriae connect directly to the ovaries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two anatomical regions of the uterus?

    <p>Body and Cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ is the serous membrane that covers the fundus and posterior surface of the uterine body.

    <p>Perimetrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the uterine phases with their descriptions:

    <p>Menses = Degeneration and shedding of the functional zone Proliferative Phase = Restoration of the functional zone Secretory Phase = Increase in secretion and enlargement of endometrial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the uterus is where the largest portion is located?

    <p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The myometrium constitutes 90% of the uterine mass.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the secretory phase in the uterine cycle?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The functional zone of the endometrium is responsible for ____ during the menstrual cycle.

    <p>changes in thickness and structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration range for the uterine cycle?

    <p>21 to 35 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cervical canal opens into the uterus at the external os.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures supply blood to the uterus?

    <p>Uterine arteries and ovarian arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glands and vascular tissue of the endometrium support the developing ____.

    <p>fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Female Reproductive System

    • The female reproductive system comprises internal and external organs, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva
    • Ovaries produce female eggs (ova) and hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone.
    • Ovum (egg) are the reproductive cells that contain X chromosomes.
    • Fallopian tubes (oviducts) transport the ovum to the uterus. Fertilization happens in them, and ectopic pregnancy can occur. Tubal ligation takes place here.
    • Uterus, the womb, is involved in pregnancy. When not pregnant the uterine lining sheds. A fertilized egg becomes implanted in the uterine lining.
    • Cervix is the opening of the uterus and connects to the vagina. Sperm, menstrual fluids, and the fetus pass through it.
    • Vagina is a pathway for menstrual flow and childbirth. It's also the site of insertion during sexual intercourse and passageway for sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
    • Urethra is an opening specifically for urine.
    • Clitoris has erectile tissue like a penis.

    Oogenesis

    • Oogenesis begins during fetal development, with primitive germ cells differentiating into oogonia.
    • Oogonia rapidly multiply, forming thousands of them.
    • Oogonia then enter a growth phase, enlarging and becoming primary oocytes.
    • In the process, primary oocytes begin the first meiotic division but stop in prophase I.
    • Cells remain in this stage until puberty.
    • Many primary oocytes degenerate before birth, leaving around 700,000 at birth.
    • This is the lifetime supply.
    • By puberty, the number of primary oocytes declines to roughly 400,000.
    • At puberty, FSH stimulates several primary oocytes to start growing each month.
    • One of the primary oocytes grows while others are excluded from meiosis I, making a secondary oocyte and polar body.
    • The secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II, stopping in metaphase II; ovulation occurs.
    • If fertilization occurs, meiosis II is complete, making an ovum and a second polar body; these polar bodies degenerate.

    Follicle Maturation

    • A primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle when a fluid-filled cavity forms.
    • A secondary follicle develops into a Graafian follicle, with the oocyte on a stalk.
    • Ovulation happens when the oocyte is released from the follicle.
    • The follicle after ovulation becomes the corpus luteum.
    • This corpus luteum degenerates.

    Ovary Structure

    • Ovaries contain primordial, primary, and secondary follicles, along with a corpus luteum.
    • A developing corpus luteum prepares the uterus for pregnancy.

    Uterine Cycle

    • The uterine cycle is a repeating series of changes, lasting 21-35 days (average 28).
    • The cycle has three phases: menses, proliferative, and secretory.

    Menses

    • The menses phase (days 1-5) is caused by the degeneration of the functional zone, deprived of oxygen and nutrients, and the breakdown of secretory glands.
    • Weakened arterial walls rupture, releasing blood into the connective tissues, and releasing blood cells and degenerating tissues into the uterine lumen.

    Proliferative Phase

    • During the proliferative phase (days 6-14), epithelial cells in uterine glands multiply, and vascularization restores the integrity.
    • The primary and secondary follicles enlarge in the ovary, producing estrogens that spur these events.

    Secretory Phase

    • During ovulation, endometrial cells increase secretion rates.
    • The proliferative phase is spurred by the hormones estrogen and progestins from the corpus luteum.
    • The secretory phase occurs before menses. It lasts about 14 days, depending on ovulation dates.
    • Secretory activities peak about 12 days post-ovulation; then decline over 2 days. The corpus luteum stops producing hormones by the end of the phase.

    Hormones and the Female Reproductive Cycle

    • GnRH manages hormone production.

    • The follicular phase (days 1-13) involves menstruation, follicle development, estrogen production (causing FSH inhibition), and LH production.

    • The luteal phase (days 15-28) involves corpus luteum development; the corpus luteum secretes estrogen and large amounts of progesterone; mammary glands and uterus prepare for pregnancy; FSH and LH production are inhibited by estrogen.

    • If fertilization occurs, hCG maintains the corpus luteum for pregnancy; progesterone and estrogen are generated.

    Stages of Labor

    • The stages of labor involve dilation, expulsion (birth), and placental expulsion.
    • The dilation stage lasts 8 or more hours; cervical dilation is influenced by the approaching fetus.
    • The expulsion stage lasts up to 2 hours and entails complete expulsion of the fetus via the vagina.
    • The placental stage involves muscle contraction in the uterus, tearing of uterine/placenta connections, and expulsion of the placenta with blood.

    Vulva

    • Lies outside the vagina; includes the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, and vestibular structures.

    External Genitalia

    • The mons pubis is an overlying fatty area.
    • Labia majora are elongated, hair-covered folds homologous to the male scrotum.
    • Labia minora are hair-free folds within the labia major, homologous to the ventral penis.
    • Greater vestibular glands, pea-sized glands flanking the vagina, maintain vestibule moisture and lubrication, being homologous to bulbourethral glands.
    • The clitoris is erectile tissue hooded by a prepuce; homologous to the penis.

    Internal Breast Structure

    • The mammary glands are modified sweat glands arranged in 15-25 lobes radiating towards the nipple; the areola is pigmented skin encircling the nipple.
    • Suspensory ligaments attach the breast to underlying muscle fascia.
    • Lobes have alveoli glands producing milk in lactating women.
    • Compound alveolar glands and lactiferous ducts carry milk from alveoli to the outside of the breast.

    Fetal Development

    • Fetal development occurs in stages, with specific survival chances outside the womb.
    • First trimester: body segments appear; primitive external heartbeats; lung and bone development, emergence of features; some organs function.
    • Second trimester: Blood vessel development; organ and structure forming; and hair/eyelid growth, and skeleton rapid development happens.
    • Third trimester: lungs prepare for breathing.

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    Related Documents

    The Reproductive System - Female PDF

    Description

    This quiz provides an overview of the female reproductive system, detailing the roles of key organs such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. Understand the functions and significance of each component, including the menstrual cycle and fertilization processes. Test your knowledge on the anatomy and physiology of female reproduction.

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