Anatomy & Physiology II: Female Reproductive System
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the labia majora?

  • Facilitate childbirth
  • Support the clitoris
  • Protect the vaginal opening (correct)
  • Guide menstrual flow

    • Which structure contains the highest number of nerve endings in the female anatomy?

  • Vagina
  • Labia minora
  • Mons pubis
  • Clitoris (correct)

    • Where does the vaginal canal extend to?

  • The cervix (correct)
  • The uterus
  • The vulva
  • The ovaries

    • What is the purpose of the mons pubis?

    <p>Provide cushioning for the pubic bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'vaginal introitus' refer to?

    <p>The opening to the vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the clitoris respond during female sexual arousal?

    <p>Swells with blood and enlarges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the female anatomy is primarily internal?

    <p>Vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the labia minora primarily responsible for?

    <p>Enclosing the clitoral body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is more retained during pregnancy?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs in the skin of females compared to males?

    <p>Thicker, more pliant, and more vascularized skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process by which sperm travel toward the ovum?

    <p>Contraction of uterus and cilia movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sperm typically reach the ovum during fertilization?

    <p>1,000.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the zona pellucida after one sperm penetrates it?

    <p>It changes its chemical composition to prevent other sperm from entering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the blastocyst consist of?

    <p>Inner cell mass and trophoblast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the necrosis and shedding of uterine activity after ovulation?

    <p>The decline of progesterone levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily helps prepare the breasts for lactation during pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much does cardiac output typically increase during pregnancy?

    <p>30-40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of progesterone during pregnancy in relation to respiration?

    <p>Increases sensitivity to CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone incites labor contractions by increasing oxytocin receptors in the myometrium?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the volume of blood in a typical pregnant woman?

    <p>It increases by 30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the purpose of Braxton-Hicks contractions?

    <p>They are false contractions that help tone the uterine muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which trimester does the fetus experience the greatest growth?

    <p>Third trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs concerning urine output during pregnancy?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is produced that acts like LH to rescue the Corpus Luteum?

    <p>Human Chorionic Gonadotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers ovulation during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Steep increase in LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the placenta?

    <p>Diffusion of nutrients and metabolic wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical infertility rate among marriages?

    <p>1 in 6 to 1 in 8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur for the endometrium to be sustained during pregnancy?

    <p>Ongoing production of progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does oxygen diffuse into fetal blood?

    <p>Based on oxygen concentration gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to permeability in the placenta over the course of pregnancy?

    <p>It increases over duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of the larger hemorrhagic corpus luteum in a woman of childbearing age?

    <p>Ectopic pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if implantation of a fertilized ovum occurs?

    <p>It persists due to HCG secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ovarian follicles typically mature during a woman's reproductive years?

    <p>400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical change occurs to the uterus in the third trimester?

    <p>It displaces the bowel superiorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a normal cervix with a smooth, glistening mucosal surface?

    <p>Normal hormonal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to the smaller corpus luteum from a previous menstrual period?

    <p>It involutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain for women of childbearing age?

    <p>Ectopic pregnancy among others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Female Reproductive Anatomy

    • The vulva consists of external genital structures: labia, clitoris, vaginal opening, and urethra opening.
    • Labia majora (outer lips) are larger and covered with pubic hair; labia minora (inner lips) start at the clitoris and end under the vaginal opening.
    • The clitoris, an erectile tissue, has numerous nerve endings and is crucial for sexual arousal.
    • The vaginal introitus is the entrance to the vagina, leading to the cervix and uterus.
    • Mons pubis is a fleshy area above the vulva, cushioning the pubic bone and covered with hair after puberty.

    Female Reproductive Physiology: Menstruation

    • Hormonal regulation involves the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and the production of estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P).
    • Uterine activity changes according to hormonal levels, with vessels constricting and endometrial shedding during menstruation.

    Fertilization Process

    • Sperm travels from the uterus to the ampulla of the fallopian tube through uterine contractions.
    • The ovum is captured at the ampulla and moves towards the uterus via peristalsis and cilia.
    • Out of approximately ½ billion sperm, only around 1,000 reach the ovum, with only one achieving fertilization.
    • The zona pellucida protects the ovum, allowing only one sperm to penetrate before altering its composition.

    Pregnancy Dynamics

    • A blastocyst forms after fertilization, producing human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which acts like LH to sustain the corpus luteum.
    • Continued progesterone production from the corpus luteum and later the placenta maintains the endometrium.

    Female Fertility

    • Ovulation occurs 14 days before the end of the menstrual cycle, impacting fertility awareness methods.
    • Hormonal treatments can suppress ovulation; common contraceptive methods use combined estrogen and progesterone to create a state resembling pregnancy (pseudopregnancy).
    • Infertility affects approximately 1/6 to 1/8 of couples, with fertility drugs available to stimulate ovulation.

    Placenta and Fetal Development

    • The placenta facilitates nutrient and waste exchange between mother and fetus, with permeability increasing as pregnancy progresses.
    • Oxygen diffuses into fetal blood based on pressure gradients, supporting metabolic functions during pregnancy.

    Maternal Changes During Pregnancy

    • Weight gain is expected due to fetal growth and nutrient storage needs.
    • O2 usage and respiration increase by about 20%, while renal function, cardiac output, and blood volume significantly rise to support the pregnancy and prepare for childbirth.

    Parturition (Labor)

    • Increased uterine contractions signal the onset of labor, influenced by hormonal changes enhancing oxytocin receptors.
    • Braxton-Hicks contractions and prodromal labor serve as preparatory stages for actual labor.
    • Implantation of a fertilized ovum leads to the persistence of the corpus luteum due to hCG, while only a fraction of ovarian follicles develop during a woman's reproductive years.

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    Female Reproductive System PDF

    Description

    Explore the structure and function of the female reproductive system in this quiz based on Anatomy & Physiology II (BIOL2220). Cover key components such as the vulva and labia, and understand their roles. Test your knowledge of basic female anatomy.

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