SN Studyguide - Macroevolution part 2 Quiz
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What is one of the 2 primary ideas to explain the tempo of speciation that solely used by evolutionary biologists until about 50 years ago?

  • Species maintain prolonged periods of rapid divergence.
  • DNA mutates rapidly, leading to sudden speciation events.
  • Gradualism - DNA mutates slowly, but gradually over time. (correct)
  • Punctuated equilibrium - Species maintain prolonged periods of stasis, during which no major speciation occurs.

    • According to the text, which phrase summarizes what controls the speed with which evolution progresses and species are formed?

  • The size of the population.
  • The rate of evolution and extinction. (correct)
  • The frequency of genetic mutations.
  • The geographic distribution of the species.

    • Who extensively described punctuated equilibrium, according to the text?

  • Stephen J. Gould (correct)
  • Gregor Mendel
  • Alfred Russel Wallace
  • Charles Darwin

    • What is the definition of microevolution, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>A change in the frequencies of genotypes in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Dr. Gillooly, where does natural selection act?

    <p>On individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is macroevolution, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>The formation of new species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of evolution, as discussed in the text?

    <p>Descent with modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of heterochrony mentioned in the text?

    <p>Allometric and sequence heterochrony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organism is an example of sequence heterochrony provided, leading to neoteny?

    <p>Axolotl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notion regarding neoteny in humans mentioned in the text?

    <p>Neoteny may also exist in humans, affecting facial features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated current extinction rate compared to discernible fossil record rates?

    <p>100 times higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is correlated with the exponential increase in extinction events according to the text?

    <p>Human population growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period dominated by human influence on climate and environment referred to as in the text?

    <p>Anthropocene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is favored in post-mass-extinction periods according to the text?

    <p>Punctuated speciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of sympatric speciation?

    <p>A group of fish develop genetic differences and become reproductively isolated while living in the same lake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reproductive barrier is caused by anatomical differences preventing successful fertilization?

    <p>Mechanical; prezygotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of evolutionary history reconstruction, what is the parsimony principle?

    <p>Selecting a tree with the fewest shared, derived characters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of sympatric speciation?

    <p>Mistakes in cell replication leading to polyploidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of isolation occurs when two species physically cannot undergo fertilization?

    <p>Mechanical isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of speciation is more common in animals?

    <p>Sympatric speciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for allopatric speciation to occur?

    <p>Geographic barrier separating populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'polyploidy' refer to in the context of speciation?

    <p>Mistakes in cell replication leading to extra sets of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of mechanical reproductive isolation?

    <p>Prevents successful fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept relates to the idea of slow, progressive changes at a roughly constant rate?

    <p>Gradualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when a parent species splits into two or more distinct species?

    <p>Cladogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor controls the rate of speciation by leading to the formation of new species?

    <p>Rates of mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves structures evolving for one purpose and coming to be used for another?

    <p>Exaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept involves long periods of stability punctuated by rapid changes?

    <p>Punctuated equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of evolution involves phenotypic stasis and gradual changes over a long period?

    <p>Phenotypic stasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process can lead to significant phenotypic changes through alteration of genes and changes in developmental timing?

    <p>Genetic and developmental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes natural selection within the process of evolution?

    <p>differential reproductive success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The earth no longer exhibits both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium with respect to the tempo (timing) of speciation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organism was noted in lecture as being an example of punctuated equilibrium?

    <p>Cichlids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about anagenesis?

    <p>this occurs when gradual changes accumulate within a lineage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cladogenesis occurs when a parent species splits into 2 or more distinct species as populations adapt to new environments

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not one of the primary factors influencing rates of speciation?

    <p>rates of reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a key developmental process that changes an organism's phenotype, but maintains function (within the context of causing rapid speciation)?

    <p>a small mutation in a homeotic (HOX) gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The slower the mutation of an organism's genome, the faster the rate of speciation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rates of selection and rates of environmental changes directly impact the rate of speciation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 2 kinds of heterochrony?

    <p>allometric heterochrony, sequence heterochrony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neoteny is an example of sequence heterochrony

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is false about the Cretaceous mass extinction?

    <p>it was 250 million years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When reconstructing evolutionary history using the parsimony principle, you would select a tree with the most shared, derived characteristics.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mechanisms and Factors of Evolution

    • Gould was famous for popular science literature that made science accessible to the general public.
    • Evolution on Earth exhibits both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
    • Cichlids in Lake Victoria underwent rapid evolution, with 400 species evolving in just 12,000 years, a good example of punctuated equilibrium.
    • Horseshoe crabs underwent phenotypic stasis and gradual evolution for 100 million years.
    • Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium relate to anagenesis and cladogenesis.
    • Gradualism involves slow, progressive changes at a roughly constant rate.
    • Cladogenesis occurs when a parent species splits into two or more distinct species.
    • Factors controlling the rate of speciation include rates of mutation, selection, and environmental change.
    • Speciation occurs through exaptation, where structures evolve for one purpose and come to be used for another.
    • The development of wings in dinosaurs and birds involved a series of morphological changes to an existing structure.
    • Rapid speciation can be caused by genetic and developmental processes that change the organism's phenotype but maintain its function.
    • Alteration of genes and changes in developmental timing can lead to significant phenotypic changes.

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    Test your understanding of the mechanisms and factors of evolution with this quiz. Explore concepts such as gradualism, punctuated equilibrium, speciation, exaptation, and the role of genetic and environmental factors in driving evolutionary changes.

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