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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the correct definition of the term 'incidence' in epidemiology?
Which of the following terms best describes the statement: 'On December 18, 2023, there were 452 cases of Influenza'?
If the population of Canada in 2018 was 37.06 million, what was the morbidity rate of the disease associated with the statement: 'It is estimated that there were 8.8 deaths/1,000 population in Canada in 2018'?
Which of the following terms best describes the statement: 'In the year 2023, 4520 cases of COVID-19 was reported'?
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If the population of the United States in 2016 was 323.1 million, what was the morbidity rate of Chlamydia associated with the statement: 'There were 1,598,354 new cases of Chlamydia in the United States in 2016'?
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Which of the following terms best describes the statement: 'Cases of chlamydia were estimated to be 497 per 100,000 population'?
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Which of the following diseases is classified as a pandemic?
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In which country is malaria considered endemic?
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What type of disease outbreak is characterized by a localized spread that is eventually contained?
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What are the measures that must be included in controlling and preventing epidemics?
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Which statement is true regarding the Ebola outbreak in Uganda?
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Based on the information provided, which statement is correct?
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Which of the following is NOT a specific strategy for preventing or controlling infectious diseases?
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What is the main focus of public health?
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Which of the following is a broad strategy for controlling and preventing epidemics?
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What is one of the specific strategies mentioned to prevent infectious diseases?
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What is a key role of public health agencies?
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What is the primary focus of epidemiology?
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What is the difference between a communicable disease and a contagious disease?
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What is the infective dose (ID50) used to measure in epidemiology?
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Which of the following statements about the relationship between pathology and epidemiology is correct?
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Which of the following factors would an epidemiologist investigate as influencing disease transmission?
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What is the primary role of public health agencies in the context of epidemiology?
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Who is the Deputy Minister responsible for the Public Health Agency of Canada?
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How many Public Health Units does Ontario have?
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Where is the National Microbiology Laboratory located?
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What does PHAC stand for?
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Who advises the government regarding ongoing health concerns?
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What year was the Public Health Agency of Canada formed?
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Study Notes
Infections and Epidemiology
- The Spanish flu killed over 20 million people worldwide in 1918.
- Papua New Guinea consistently reports cases of Malaria, but no cases have been reported in Canada.
- An Ebola outbreak occurred in a small district in Uganda in September 2022 and spread to 9 neighboring districts.
Types of Infections
- Pandemic: The Spanish flu killed over 20 million people worldwide in 1918.
- Endemic: Papua New Guinea consistently reports cases of Malaria.
- Epidemic: An Ebola outbreak occurred in a small district in Uganda in September 2022.
Public Health Agency of Canada
- The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) is responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention.
- Formed in 2004, it is part of the Health Portfolio.
- The Deputy Minister responsible for the agency is the Chief Public Health Officer, who reports to the Minister of Health.
- Each province is managed uniquely, with Ontario having 34 Public Health Units.
Epidemiology Terminology
- Incidence: The number of new cases of a disease.
- Prevalence: The number of existing cases of a disease.
- Point prevalence: The number of cases of a disease existing in a given population during a specific time period.
- Period prevalence: The number of cases of a disease existing in a given population at a particular moment in time.
- Morbidity rate: The number of new cases of a disease that occurred during a specified time period per a specifically defined population.
- Mortality rate: The ratio of the number of people who died of a disease during a specified time period per a specified population.
Epidemiology Terminology Examples
- Deaths: 8.8 deaths/1,000 population in Canada in 2018 (Mortality rate)
- New cases: 1,598,354 new cases of Chlamydia in the United States in 2016 (Incidence)
- Existing cases: 452 cases of Influenza on December 18, 2023 (Point prevalence)
- Total cases: 4,520 cases of COVID-19 reported in 2023 (Period prevalence)
- Disease rate: 497 cases of Chlamydia per 100,000 population (Morbidity rate)
Controlling and Preventing Epidemics
- Increase host resistance
- Protect those who are infected
- Segregate those who are contagious
- Identify and control reservoirs
- Lot of surveillance (e.g. hospitals, nursing homes)
- Sanitation
Specific Strategies
- Hand hygiene
- Maintaining good nutrition and adequate rest and reducing stress
- Immunizations
- Insect and rodent control measures
- Patient isolation procedures
- Decontamination of surfaces and medical instruments
- Disposing infectious wastes properly
- Using PPE
- Using needle safety devices during blood collection
Relevance of Public Health
- Public health is the science of protecting and improving the health of people and their communities.
- Focuses on improving and protecting community health and well-being.
- Public Health Agencies work to promote and protect the health of the entire population.
Pathology and Epidemiology
- Pathology studies the structural and functional manifestations of disease.
- Epidemiology studies the who, what, when, where, and why of diseases to prevent, control, or eradicate diseases.
Communicable and Contagious Diseases
- Communicable disease: An infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another (e.g. Gonorrhoeae).
- Contagious disease: A communicable disease that is easily transmitted from person to person (e.g. Influenza).
- True: All contagious diseases are communicable diseases.
- False: All communicable diseases are contagious diseases.
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Description
Test your knowledge on epidemiology, pathogens, hosts, chain of infection, reservoirs of infection, modes of transmission, and the role of public health agencies in Canada. Explore the key concepts from Chapter 11 of the textbook related to epidemiology and public health.