Eicosanoids and Fatty Acids Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes acute inflammation from chronic inflammation?

  • Acute inflammation typically involves an immediate response to injury. (correct)
  • Chronic inflammation has a short duration.
  • Chronic inflammation generally resolves quickly without complications.
  • Acute inflammation is primarily caused by long-term conditions.

    • Which of the following eicosanoids is primarily involved in mediating pain and fever?

  • Thromboxanes
  • Prostaglandins (correct)
  • Leukotrienes
  • Cytokines

    • What is a significant role of leukotrienes in the inflammatory process?

  • They enhance blood coagulation during inflammation.
  • They promote the synthesis of eicosanoids.
  • They inhibit the production of antibodies.
  • They attract immune cells to sites of inflammation. (correct)

    • What is the primary difference between COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes in their role in inflammation?

    <p>COX-1 is mainly involved in maintaining physiological functions, while COX-2 is induced during inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily characterized by an inflammatory response due to the immune system attacking body tissues?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of thrombaxanes during inflammation?

    <p>They promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following external factors can trigger an inflammatory response?

    <p>Environmental contaminants or toxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the immune system in inflammation?

    <p>To mediate the inflammatory response and establish immunologic memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major action is NOT associated with Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)?

    <p>Inhibition of platelet activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eicosanoid is primarily involved in vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation?

    <p>Thromboxane A2 (TxA2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of PGI2 (prostacyclin)?

    <p>Endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about leukotrienes is true?

    <p>They are synthesized from arachidonic acid by lipoxygenases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prostaglandin is primarily produced by vascular smooth muscles and involved in reproductive physiology?

    <p>Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins?

    <p>COX-1 and COX-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prostaglandin is known for its involvement in gastric acid secretion and mucus formation?

    <p>PGE2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of inflammation in response to injury?

    <p>To destroy the invader and repair damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT a hallmark of inflammation?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily accumulated during chronic inflammation?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not typically released during acute inflammation?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mediators are associated with the production of fever during inflammation?

    <p>Cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical mediator is associated with pain during inflammation?

    <p>Bradykinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is characterized by a sustained response to a pathological stimulus?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is not considered a chemical mediator of inflammation?

    <p>Antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do membrane-derived lipid mediators play in inflammation?

    <p>Enhance vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is primarily produced through degranulation?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eicosanoid is associated with vasodilation?

    <p>Prostaglandin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological function is associated with leukotrienes?

    <p>Increased vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eicosanoids are derived from which compound?

    <p>Arachidonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant role do prostaglandins play in the body?

    <p>Induction of inflammation and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune condition is most commonly associated with eicosanoids?

    <p>Osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is primarily involved in the release of eicosanoids from membrane phospholipids?

    <p>Phospholipase A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups of eicosanoids is primarily anti-inflammatory?

    <p>None are primarily anti-inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these disorders is NOT typically associated with eicosanoids?

    <p>Cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukotriene is specifically known for its role in chemotaxis and leukocyte activation?

    <p>LTB4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles is primarily associated with Cox-2?

    <p>Induction during inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of pharmacological inhibition of Cox-1?

    <p>Altered GI functions and potential bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the expression of Cox-1?

    <p>Constituted in various tissues including the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The role of PGH2 in eicosanoid production is best described as?

    <p>A precursor for several prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of eicosanoids in terms of duration of action?

    <p>Short half-lives acting locally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is associated with the induction of Cox-2?

    <p>TNF-a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cox-1 is involved in which of the following processes?

    <p>Intestinal mucosal proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The group of prostaglandins most commonly referenced is?

    <p>PG2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function attributed to Cox-2?

    <p>Regulating gastric mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do eicosanoids such as prostaglandins play in the body?

    <p>Facilitating development of pain, inflammation, and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Eicosanoids and Other Fatty Acids (Inflammatory and Pain Mediators)

    • Eicosanoids are inflammatory and pain mediators
    • Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid.
    • Eicosanoids include prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), and leukotrienes (LTs).
    • Eicosanoids are pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory
    • They have short half-lives, primarily acting locally
    • They play diverse physiological roles.
    • Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes have distinct functions, sources and pharmacology.
    • There are enzymatic pathways involved in eicosanoid synthesis.
    • Cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes synthesize prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
    • Lipoxygenase enzymes synthesize leukotrienes.

    Learning Objectives

    • Understanding inflammation, including acute vs. chronic forms and chemical mediators.
    • Detailing the enzymatic pathways for eicosanoid synthesis (COX-1, COX-2, and lipoxygenase).
    • Exploring the pathophysiological implications of different eicosanoids (e.g., prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes)
    • Studying drug targets and clinical uses of eicosanoids (e.g., role in Gout).

    Causes of Inflammation

    • Inflammation is caused by pathogens, external injuries, chemicals, or radiation.
    • Examples include cystitis, bronchitis, dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis, asthma, and gout.
    • Immune component involvement is also a factor.

    Inflammation and the Immune System

    • Inflammation and the immune system are closely intertwined.
    • Inflammation involves a complex reaction to tissue injury and infection.
    • The immune system includes cells and soluble factors (like antibodies and complement proteins) to eliminate inflammatory stimuli and initiate immunological memory.

    Inflammation: Overview

    • Inflammation is the body's response to injury, pathogen invasion, or necrosis.
    • The goal is to eliminate the cause and repair damage.
    • Inflammation involves autoimmune conditions with auto-antibodies, and both specific and non-specific immunological components.
    • Prolonged inflammation can lead to tissue damage.
    • Characteristics of acute inflammation include redness warmness, pain, swelling and fever.

    Inflammation: Hallmarks

    • Calor (warmth): Elevated cellular metabolism from inflammatory mediators
    • Dolor (pain): Stimulation of nociceptors by inflammatory mediators
    • Rubor (redness): Vasodilation causing increased blood flow
    • Tumor (swelling): Extravasation of fluid and increased capillary permeability.
    • Fever: part of the body's inflammatory response.

    Types of Inflammation

    • Acute inflammation is an initial, short-term response to injury or infection.
    • Involves the innate immune system (e.g., neutrophils) and release of autacoids (like histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes).
    • Chronic inflammation is a prolonged response to a persistent stimulus.
    • Mostly involves macrophages of the adaptive immune system (lymphocytes) and is implicated in autoimmune diseases and organ rejections.

    Chemical Mediators of Inflammation

    • Molecular mediators of inflammation, like eicosanoids, cytokines, and complement components, have signal transduction components that can lead to pharmacological targets.
    • Endogenous mediators of inflammation and immunity, such as cytokines, can overlap.
    • These diverse molecules (e.g., histamine, complement components, eicosanoids, cytokines) act as part of the inflammatory process.
    • Inflammation has a complex range of molecular mediators.

    Eicosanoids: Overview

    • Eicosanoids are a class of lipids derived from arachidonic acid.
    • They include prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), and leukotrienes (LTs), which have different functions and mechanisms of action.

    Eicosanoids-Overview

    • Eicosanoids are important in various inflammatory conditions and major diseases, including gout, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
    • Eicosanoids are also involved in cancer, sleep disorders and Alzheimer's disease.

    Eicosanoids: Overview

    • Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a key enzyme associated with eicosanoid synthesis, and ligand binding activates this enzyme, leading to the synthesis of eicosanoids.

    Cyclooxygenase (COX)

    • COX (cyclooxygenase) enzymes play a crucial role in the synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
    • There are two main COX isoenzymes, COX-1 and COX-2, that differ in their cellular localization, substrate preference, and physiological/pathological roles.

    Two forms of Cyclooxygenases

    • COX-1 is constitutively expressed and involved in housekeeping functions, like maintaining gastric mucosa and regulating renal function.
    • COX-2 is induced in response to inflammation and plays a critical role in promoting inflammation.

    Pathophysiological Implications of COX-1 and COX-2

    • COX-1 is important for GI functions, intestinal mucosal proliferation, and renal blood flow.
    • COX-2 has a pro-inflammatory role in fever, pain, and several other inflammatory-related symptoms.

    Drug Targets for Inflammation

    • Drugs targeting eicosanoid pathways (e.g., COX-1 and COX-2) are crucial for treating various inflammatory conditions.
    • Common examples are corticosteroids, NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), COX-2 selective inhibitors, and lipoxygenase inhibitors (such as zileuton, montelukast, and zafirlukast)

    Drugs Targets for Inflammation: Clinical Uses

    • Corticosteroids are used in asthma, arthritis, allergies, gout, and other immune conditions.
    • NSAIDS are used to treat inflammation and pain, including in fever.
    • Zileuton is used for mild to moderate asthma conditions, and Montelukast/Zafirlukast are also used to treat mild to moderate asthma.
    • Aspirin, as a COX-2 inhibitor, has a role in the treatment of inflammation and pain-related symptoms.

    Leukotrienes (LTs): Overview

    • Leukotrienes are lipid mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid via the lipoxygenase pathway.
    • Key leukotrienes include LTA4, LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4.
    • LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 are potent bronchoconstrictors and their pathway and role in asthma are important.

    LTS: Roles and Functions

    • Leukotrienes play a significant role in bronchoconstriction in asthma and other respiratory conditions.
    • These are critical inflammatory mediators and are related to numerous processes.

    Food for Thought!

    • NSAIDs are helpful in conditions like gout, which are characterized by inflammation due to uric acid crystals.

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    Eicosanoids PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on eicosanoids and their role as inflammatory mediators. This quiz covers the synthesis pathways of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, including the enzymes involved. Understand the physiological functions and implications of these fatty acids in inflammation.

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