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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best defines an earthquake?
Which of the following best defines an earthquake?
What is a fault in geological terms?
What is a fault in geological terms?
Which of the following is NOT a factor required for liquefaction?
Which of the following is NOT a factor required for liquefaction?
Which type of tsunamis are caused by seismic activity below the ocean?
Which type of tsunamis are caused by seismic activity below the ocean?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a landslide?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a landslide?
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What primarily causes sinkholes?
What primarily causes sinkholes?
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What does the term 'lava dome' refer to?
What does the term 'lava dome' refer to?
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Which of the following correctly describes seismic waves?
Which of the following correctly describes seismic waves?
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What phenomenon is described as the sudden shaking or trembling of the ground?
What phenomenon is described as the sudden shaking or trembling of the ground?
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Which factor is necessary for the occurrence of liquefaction?
Which factor is necessary for the occurrence of liquefaction?
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Which type of geological hazard is characterized by the downward movement of materials like rock and soil?
Which type of geological hazard is characterized by the downward movement of materials like rock and soil?
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What is one of the primary causes of a tsunami?
What is one of the primary causes of a tsunami?
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Which of the following describes a sinkhole?
Which of the following describes a sinkhole?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of seismic waves?
Which of the following is a characteristic of seismic waves?
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What does a lava dome resemble in volcanic formations?
What does a lava dome resemble in volcanic formations?
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Which type of earthquake correctly describes a fracture zone where displacement has occurred?
Which type of earthquake correctly describes a fracture zone where displacement has occurred?
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Study Notes
Earthquake Hazards
- Earthquake - a shaking of the ground caused by the sudden movement of rocks
- Two types of Earthquakes:
- Tectonic - caused by movement along faults in the Earth's crust
- Volcanic - caused by rising magma or lava beneath active volcanoes
- Active Fault - a fault that has moved within the last 10,000 years
- Fault Types:
- Strike-slip - rocks sliding horizontally past each other
- Normal - two blocks of crust pulling apart
- Reverse - one block of crust moving on top of another
- Seismic Waves - waves of energy produced by earthquakes or explosions
- Earthquake Measurement:
- Magnitude - a measure of the energy released at the earthquake's focus (represented by numbers)
- Intensity - a measure of the strength of shaking felt by people in a specific area (represented by Roman numerals)
- PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) - used to determine the intensity of an earthquake
Seismic Waves
- Seismic waves are waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the Earth or an explosion.
- Different types of seismic waves:
- Surface waves
- Body waves
Earthquake Related Hazards
- Ground Shaking - disruptive up-down and sideways ground movement
- Ground Rupture - ground displacement due to fault movement
- Earthquake-Induced Landslides - failures in slopes due to earthquakes
- Liquefaction - a process where sediments behave like a liquid due to strong shaking, groundwater saturation, and loose granular sediments
Liquefaction
- Three factors for liquefaction:
- Loose, granular sediment
- Saturation of the sediment by groundwater
- Strong shaking
- Types of Liquefaction:
- Flow Failures
- Lateral Spreads
- Ground Oscillation
- Loss of Bearing Strength
Tsunami
- Tsunami - also called "harbor waves" or "tidal waves"; sea waves resulting from ocean floor disturbance by earthquakes
- Two types of Tsunamis:
- Local Tsunamis
- Far Field or Distant Tsunamis
Volcanic Hazards
- Volcanic Eruptions - begin deep within the Earth, where intense heat and pressure cause rock to melt, forming magma
- Volcanic Hazards:
- Ash Fall
- Lahars
- Pyroclastic Flows & Surges
Volcanic Gas Emissions
- Volcanic gases are released by erupting and even dormant volcanoes.
Examples:
- Sulfur Dioxide
- Carbon Dioxide
- Hydrogen Sulfide
Volcanic Tsunamis
- Volcanic Tsunamis are triggered by explosive eruptions near or under water, or by landslides of volcanic materials into bodies of water.
Lava Flows
- Lava Flows - streams of molten rock that emerge from a volcano's vent
- Lava Domes - pile up around a volcano's vent because the lava is too thick to flow
Hydrometeorological Hazards
- Hydrometeorology - the study of atmospheric and terrestrial phases of the hydrological cycle with emphasis on the interrelationship between them
- Factors affecting climate:
- Latitude
- Altitude
- Distance from the sea
- Prevailing winds
- Ocean currents
- Topography
- Cloud Types:
- Stratus
- Stratocumulus
- Cumulonimbus
- Altocumulus
- Nimbostratus
- Altostratus
- Cirrus
- Cirrostratus
- Cirrocumulus
- Potential Hydrometeorological Hazards
- Tropical Cyclones
- Thunderstorms
- Floods
- Flash Floods
- Storm Surge
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Description
Explore the critical concepts of earthquake hazards, including the types and measurement of earthquakes as well as seismic waves. This quiz covers tectonic and volcanic earthquakes, fault types, and the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale. Test your knowledge on these fundamental geological phenomena!
