Earthquake Hazards and Waves Quiz

Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction

• The topic is disaster preparedness and risk reduction.
• The images show various types of natural disasters including earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.

What is a Hazard?

• A hazard is any phenomenon, substance, or situation that can cause harm to people and damage to property.
• Hazards are classified as geologic, hydrologic, atmospheric, biologic, and man-made.

What is Geologic Hazard?

• A geologic hazard is any natural event or process that threatens people, property, and the environment due to geological factors.
• Examples include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.

What is an Earthquake?

• An earthquake is a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, creating seismic waves.
• The hypocenter is the point where the earthquake originates.
• Earthquakes are commonly caused by the movement of tectonic plates.

Types of Faults

• Faults are fractures or cracks in the Earth's crust where movement occurs.
• These include normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults.

Earthquake Focus and Epicenter

• The focus is the point below the Earth's surface where seismic waves originate.
• The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus.

Earthquake Magnitude and Intensity

• Earthquake magnitude is a single number that quantifies the energy released by an earthquake.
• The Richter Magnitude Scale is used.
• Earthquake intensity measures the damage and effects of an earthquake.
• The Mercalli Intensity Scale is used.

Seismic Waves

• Seismic waves are the energy waves that radiate outward from an earthquake's epicenter.
• Types include primary (P) waves, secondary (S) waves, and surface waves.
• P-waves travel fastest.

Seismograph

• A seismograph is an instrument used to record and measure ground motion during an earthquake.
• It consists of a stationary base and a suspended weight.

Potential Hazards of Earthquakes

• Ground rupture: Cracks and fissures that swallow structures.
• Liquefaction: Turns ground into quicksand-like material, affecting extensive areas (cities, farmland, etc.).
• Landslides: Slope instability due to factors like removal of support, groundwater pressure, volcanic eruption, intense rainfall, and earthquakes.

Effects of an Earthquake - Ground Shaking

• Energy release causes shaking and vibration of the ground.
• Structures (buildings, bridges) may collapse.

Effects of an Earthquake - Tsunamis

• Destructive waves generated by earthquakes.
• Ocean water is suddenly displaced, creating waves that greatly affect the shore.

Earthquake Preparedness

• Create an emergency plan (meeting points, evacuation routes).
• Prepare an emergency kit (food, water, first-aid, flashlight).
• Secure heavy furniture and objects.
• Practice drills (duck, cover, and hold).

Tsunami Hazard Map

• Shows areas prone to tsunamis.
• Used for planning evacuations.
• Created by experts.

Signs of an Approaching Tsunami

• Strong earthquake (especially under the sea).
• Unusual changes in water level (sudden rise or fall).
• Rumbling sounds.
• Unusual animal behavior (birds, marine animals).
• Changes in ocean color (unusual darkening).
• Visible wave patterns (rapid convergence).

Safety Tips on Tsunami

• Emergency kit (3-days supply).
• Stay away from beaches and oceans.
• Evacuate area and go to high ground.
• Vessels should not return to port.

What to Do During a Tsunami

• Move away from the beach immediately.
• Move inland to higher ground.
• Stay away from the beach.
• Do not go to infrastructure located in low-lying areas.

What to Do After a Tsunami

• Stay away from damaged areas until officials say it is safe.
• Stay away from debris.
• Stay away from the beach.

Tsunami Rehabilitation

• Emergency aid.
• Infrastructure repair.
• Psychosocial support.
• Livelihood restoration.
• Risk reduction measures for future events.

Evaluation and Drill Questions

• Included in the slides and quizzes.
• Assess knowledge of different hazard types and their implications.
• Includes information on correct responses.