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Questions and Answers
What type of fault is classified based on compressional stress?
Which type of seismic wave arrives first during an earthquake?
What phenomenon occurs when the sediment composition becomes liquefied during an earthquake?
Which earthquake hazard involves the sinking of the ground and can be man-made?
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Which waves primarily affect taller structures during ground shaking?
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What is the main cause of increased seismic activity in the context of industrial activities?
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Which hazard is caused by a sudden vertical displacement of water in a body of water?
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What type of fault is characterized by lateral movement where the left block moves backward?
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What is the primary cause of earthquakes?
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Which scale is used to measure the strength of earthquakes?
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What is the term for the point inside the earth's crust where an earthquake originates?
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What happens when tectonic plates become stuck?
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Which of the following describes the epicenter of an earthquake?
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What is a common cause of long-period earthquakes?
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What is the key factor that drives the movement of tectonic plates?
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Which type of earthquake is caused by human activities?
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Study Notes
Industrial Seismic Activity
- Industrial activities like geothermal energy production, fracking, and wastewater disposal can increase seismic activity.
- Faults with recent displacements are classified as "active".
Types of Faults
- Left lateral strike-slip fault
- Right lateral strike-slip fault
- Thrust fault (compressional stress)
- Reverse fault (compressional stress)
- Normal fault (extensional stress)
- Blind thrust fault
Earthquake Hazards
- Ground shaking
- Ground rupture
- Liquefaction
- Earthquake-induced ground subsidence
- Tsunami
Ground Shaking
- Energy from the focus/hypocenter is transmitted as seismic waves
- Earthquake intensity depends on wave velocity
- P-waves (compressional waves) are the first to arrive and cause high-frequency vibrations
- S-waves (shear waves) are the second to arrive and vibrate side-to-side
- Surface waves (Rayleigh and Love waves) are the last to arrive and cause low-frequency vibrations
- P-waves and S-waves primarily affect low structures due to high-frequency vibrations
- Surface waves affect taller structures due to low-frequency vibrations
Ground Rupture
- Ground moves and breaks due to tension/cracks
- Common in areas along fault lines, called "zones"
Liquefaction
- Water-saturated land experiences liquefaction when the ground shakes
- Ground shaking causes grains to loosen, creating liquid-like soil
Earthquake-Induced Ground Subsidence
- The ground sinks
- Can be man-made by overpumping groundwater
Tsunami
- A series of waves in a wave train generated by sudden vertical displacement of a water column
Earthquake Facts
- Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale (1 being the weakest, 10 being the strongest).
- The power of an earthquake is measured using a seismometer.
- The focus is the point inside the Earth's crust where the earthquake originates.
- Energy released from an earthquake travels in seismic waves
- The epicenter is directly above the focus on the Earth's surface.
Earthquake Components
- Hypocenter/Focus: Primary source force underneath the ground
- Epicenter: Point on the surface parallel to the focus
Driving Forces of Earthquakes
- Tectonic movement: Plates move due to pressure driven by convection
- Volcanic activity: Volcanically-caused long-period earthquakes are produced by vibrations generated by volcanic activity.
Man-Made Earthquakes
- Humans can induce earthquakes through activities such as fracking and wastewater disposal
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Description
This quiz explores the relationship between industrial activities and seismic activity, detailing various types of faults and the hazards associated with earthquakes. Learn about ground shaking, the progression of seismic waves, and how different faults behave under stress. Test your understanding of seismic phenomena and earthquake preparedness.
