Drug Administration Routes and Factors
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What is the primary consideration when choosing the route of drug administration?

  • Cost of the drug
  • Patient's favorite method of administration
  • Nature and location of the disease (correct)
  • Availability of the drug

    • Which of the following routes of administration provides the most rapid drug response?

  • Sublingual
  • Intravenous (I.V) (correct)
  • Oral
  • Subcutaneous (S.C)

    • What is a significant disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration?

  • It is suitable for unconscious animals
  • It allows for a rapid onset of action
  • It is the most economical method
  • It may cause irritation to the gastric mucosa (correct)

    • Why is nitroglycerine administered sublingually?

    <p>To avoid first hepatic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'first-pass effect' refer to in drug administration?

    <p>Metabolism of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route is considered unsuitable for unconscious animals?

    <p>Oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common disadvantage of using subcutaneous (S.C) drug administration?

    <p>It may have a slow release of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug administration route involves delivery through the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Enteral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of intravenous (IV) injection?

    <p>It is suitable for unconscious animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following routes is mainly used for cancer chemotherapy?

    <p>Intra-arterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential complication is associated with intravenous injection?

    <p>Induction of phlebitis or abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intravenous injections must be performed with drugs that are what?

    <p>Aqueous and miscible with blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about intravenous drug administration is incorrect?

    <p>It requires less hygienic measures than other routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disadvantage is related to the use of intravenous injections?

    <p>Increased risk of allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When administering drugs via the intramuscular route, where are they typically injected?

    <p>Deeply into skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk when performing an intravenous injection?

    <p>Increased incidence of embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key disadvantage of using the oral route for drug administration?

    <p>Destruction of drugs by gastric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs would not be suitable for oral administration due to the presence of gastrointestinal disturbances?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do food and drugs interact in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Food-drug complexes can form, making drugs non-absorbable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using the rectal route for drug administration?

    <p>Avoids first-pass metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common misconception about the rectal route of drug administration?

    <p>It is suitable for all types of medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might some drugs be unsuitable for administration due to their unpleasant taste?

    <p>They might lead to poor compliance if given orally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not a reason for the rectal route being suitable for certain patients?

    <p>Need for rapid absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the sublingual administration of drugs is incorrect?

    <p>It is suitable for drugs with unpleasant taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of intramammary infusions?

    <p>To treat and control mastitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following routes requires strict sterility measures?

    <p>Intramammary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of drugs absorbed through the skin?

    <p>They bypass the digestive system and hepatic first-pass metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect absorption of drugs through the skin?

    <p>Age of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of inhalation drug delivery compared to other routes?

    <p>It delivers drugs with a rapid onset of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical application form for intranasal drug delivery?

    <p>Drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is dermal drug application primarily most effective?

    <p>For local effects on the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug application is recommended for treating bronchial asthma?

    <p>Inhalation therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using the intrathecal route for drug administration?

    <p>It can bypass the blood-brain barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding epidural anesthesia is correct?

    <p>It involves administrating drugs into the epidural space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential disadvantage of administering drugs via the intrathecal route?

    <p>Increased risk of adhesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario would it be most appropriate to use direct injections into the heart muscles?

    <p>In emergencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary complications associated with injecting drugs directly into the heart?

    <p>Injury to the coronary artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the intrathecal route particularly preferred?

    <p>When IV access is difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the biodistribution of drugs administered through the epidural route?

    <p>Acts specifically on the nerves exiting the spinal canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use for the epidural space injections?

    <p>Epidural anesthesia during labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of intramuscular injection compared to intravenous injection?

    <p>Intramuscular injection has a longer duration of action than intravenous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the subcutaneous (SC) route of administration is true?

    <p>SC injections are suitable for slow and continuous absorption of drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential issue can arise from using poorly soluble drugs in intramuscular injections?

    <p>Erratic absorption of the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the advantages of subcutaneous injections?

    <p>Suitable for insoluble suspensions and solid pellet implantations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injection is primarily associated with the peritoneum?

    <p>Intrapertoneal injection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can delay absorption following a subcutaneous injection?

    <p>Incorporation of a vasoconstrictor agent in drug solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which purpose is an intradermal injection typically used?

    <p>For diagnostic tests and allergy testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known disadvantage of intramuscular injections?

    <p>Possible formation of abscesses at the injection site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Drug Administration Routes

    • Drug administration route is the path a drug takes into the body.
    • The choice of route depends on factors like drug properties, desired response speed, disease location, patient condition, and treatment goal.

    Factors Determining Drug Route Choice

    • Physical Drug Characteristics:
      • Some drugs aren't absorbed orally (e.g., EDTA, used for heavy metal poisoning). They require intravenous injection.
    • Rapidity of Response:
      • Intravenous and inhaled routes lead to a rapid response.
      • Subcutaneous and implanted routes produce a slower response.
    • Drug Release Rate:
      • Subcutaneous and implanted routes result in slower drug release.
      • Sublingual administration (under the tongue) is for rapid onset.
    • Hepatic Effect:
      • Drugs that undergo first-pass metabolism (processed by the liver) may require different routes.
      • For example, nitroglycerin is given sublingually to bypass the liver's initial metabolism.
    • Disease Condition:
      • Nature and location of the ailment influence drug administration.
    • Patient Condition:
      • Patient consciousness (or lack thereof) impacts treatment methods.
    • Medication's Purpose:
      • Magnesium sulfate, for instance, is a purgative when taken orally, but an anti-CNS and muscle relaxant when administered intravenously or subcutaneously.

    Routes of Drug Administration

    • Enteral Routes:

      • Drugs administered through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
      • Oral (Per Os): Most common, but absorption can be incomplete; some drugs may have a first-pass effect (metabolized in the liver before reaching the bloodstream), leading to a reduced bioavailability (amount reaching the target tissue). Other disadvantages include slow onset of action, potential gastric irritation causing nausea and vomiting, and unsuitability in emergency or unconscious animals. Oral administration is unsuitable in conditions like vomiting or diarrhea. Drugs may be destroyed by gastric acid or enzymes. Food can interfere with drug absorption, and other drugs may alter absorption.
        • Advantages: Common, safe, and inexpensive.
        • Disadvantages: Potential first-pass effect, absorption variability, slow onset, possible irritation.
      • Sublingual/Buccal: Placing medication under the tongue or between the gum and cheek.
        • Advantages: Rapid absorption, avoids the first-pass effect.
        • Disadvantages: Not suitable for large volumes, unpleasant taste, potential oral mucosa irritation.
      • Rectal: Administered via enemas or suppositories.
        • Advantages: Can be used on unconscious patients or animals suffering from nausea and vomiting, useful for drugs poorly absorbed from the GIT
        • Disadvantages: Variable absorption, potential irritation.

    • Parenteral Routes:

      • Injection of drugs directly into body tissues.
      • Intravenous (IV): Injection into a vein.
        • Advantages: Rapid absorption, 100% bioavailability, suitable for emergency, avoids first-pass effect and gastric acid/juices destruction.
        • Disadvantages: Possible phlebitis (inflammation of the vein), embolism, not suited for irritating drugs, need for sterile measures.
      • Intramuscular (IM): Injection into a muscle.
        • Advantages: Slower but longer-lasting effects, use for oily preparations or suspensions, larger volumes possible.
        • Disadvantages: Pain, abscess formation, variable absorption.
      • Subcutaneous (SC): Injection under the skin.
        • Advantages: Slow, continuous absorption, suitable for non-irritating drugs, use for implantation of solid pellets.
        • Disadvantages: Pain, necrosis, and tissue sloughing.
      • Intradermal (ID): Injection into the dermis.
        • Advantages: Used for diagnostic tests (e.g., tuberculin test), drug sensitivity testing.
        • Disadvantages: Usually limited to local effects, risk of allergic reaction.
      • Intraperitoneal (IP): Injection into the abdominal cavity.
        • Advantages: Rapid absorption, suitable for large volumes of fluid, alternative in cases of IV difficulty.
        • Disadvantages: Potential for peritonitis, adhesion.
      • Intra-arterial: Injection into an artery.
        • Used for cancer chemotherapy in specific areas, diagnostics.
      • Intrathecal: Injection into the spinal canal.
        • Used for spinal anesthesia, and treatment of serious CNS infections.
      • Epidural: Injection into the epidural space; used often for labor and vaginal/uterine prolapse.
      • Intracardiac: Injection directly into the heart muscle.
        • Used in emergencies.
      • Intra-articular: Injection directly into a joint.
        • Treatment for inflammatory joint conditions.
        • Intramammary: Used for treating mastitis and bacterial infections within the udder; aseptic procedures and complete udder evacuation necessary.

    • Topical Routes:

      • Applied directly to body surfaces.
      • Inhalation: Breathing in gases or aerosols.
        • Advantages: Rapid onset, bypasses the first-pass effect.
        • Disadvantages: Pulmonary irritation.
      • Skin: Topical application of ointments or oils.
      • Mucous Membranes: Nasal, eye, or vaginal application delivered as drops, ointments, or creams.

    Drug Properties for Oral Administration

    • Palatable (pleasant taste)
    • Non-irritant
    • Stable at the digestive tract's pH
    • Unaffected by digestive juices
    • Adequately absorbed (systemic effect if intended)

    Time until drug effect

    • The time taken for a drug to produce an effect varies greatly depending on the route of administration.

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    Related Documents

    Routes of Drug Adminstration PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the various routes of drug administration and the factors influencing the choice of these routes. You will learn about physical drug characteristics, the speed of response, and the impact of hepatic metabolism on drug delivery. Test your knowledge on how different administration methods affect treatment outcomes.

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