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Questions and Answers
What primarily determines the choice of route for drug administration?
What primarily determines the choice of route for drug administration?
- The cost of the drug
- Properties of the drug and therapeutic objectives (correct)
- The availability of the drug
- The health status of the patient
Which route of administration is characterized by being applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes?
Which route of administration is characterized by being applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes?
- Topical (correct)
- Buccal
- Parenteral
- Enteral
What is a disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration?
What is a disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration?
- It is pain-free
- Slow effect for emergencies (correct)
- It is self-administered
- Rapid absorption occurs
What advantage does the sublingual route have over the oral route?
What advantage does the sublingual route have over the oral route?
Why might some drugs not be suitable for oral administration?
Why might some drugs not be suitable for oral administration?
What is a disadvantage of the rectal route of drug administration?
What is a disadvantage of the rectal route of drug administration?
In which scenario is the oral route of administration NOT suitable?
In which scenario is the oral route of administration NOT suitable?
Which of the following is a characteristic of systemically acting enteral routes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of systemically acting enteral routes?
What is a primary advantage of administering drugs via the rectal route?
What is a primary advantage of administering drugs via the rectal route?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for choosing parenteral administration?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for choosing parenteral administration?
What is one disadvantage of the intravascular parenteral route?
What is one disadvantage of the intravascular parenteral route?
Which type of parenteral route can be used for delivering anesthesia?
Which type of parenteral route can be used for delivering anesthesia?
Which of the following statements regarding topical drug administration is true?
Which of the following statements regarding topical drug administration is true?
For which condition is the rectal route preferred?
For which condition is the rectal route preferred?
What is a common risk associated with intravascular drug administration?
What is a common risk associated with intravascular drug administration?
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Study Notes
Route of Drug Administration Selection
- Determined by drug properties (water/lipid solubility) and therapeutic goals (rapid onset, long-term use, local effect).
Enteral Routes (Systemic Effect via Digestive Tract)
- Oral: Swallowing; most common, convenient, self-administrable, safe, but can have unpleasant taste, gastric irritation, drug destruction, slow onset, first-pass effect.
- Sublingual/Buccal: Under tongue/cheek; rapid absorption, avoids first-pass effect, but inconvenient, limited dose.
- Rectal: Suppositories, enemas; bypasses some liver metabolism, useful for unconscious patients, nausea, vomiting, but absorption can be incomplete and erratic.
- GI tubes (e.g., nasogastric, gastrotomy): Direct administration into GI tract.
Parenteral Routes (Injection)
- Used for poor GI absorption, GI-unstable drugs, unconscious patients, rapid onset needs.
- Types: Intravascular (IV/intra-arterial), Intramuscular, Subcutaneous, Intraosseous, Intrathecal, Intraperitoneal.
Intravascular (IV/Intra-arterial)
- Most common parenteral route; rapid onset, bypasses first-pass metabolism, precise control, suitable for irritants and large volumes.
- Disadvantages: rapid high concentration, embolism risk, infection risk, phlebitis, thrombosis, requires trained personnel.
Intramuscular
- Aqueous solutions or depot preparations; pain at injection site.
Subcutaneous
- Injection under the skin; absorption depends on blood flow; examples: insulin, heparin.
Topical Routes (Local Effect)
- Applied to skin, mucous membranes, or lungs.
- Used for dermatologic, ophthalmologic preparations, and respiratory diseases (inhalation).
- Inhalation delivers drugs directly, minimizing systemic side effects.
Other Parenteral Routes
- Intraosseous: Infusion into bone marrow; drains directly into venous system.
- Intrathecal: Injection into subarachnoid space; e.g., anesthesia.
- Intraperitoneal: Infusion/injection into peritoneum; e.g., peritoneal dialysis.
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