Pharmacology Drug Administration Routes
129 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes the action of a drug delivered through a transdermal patch?

  • It involves direct placement in the bloodstream.
  • It is primarily for topical site absorption. (correct)
  • It is a form of inhalation therapy.
  • It offers controlled-release drug action. (correct)

    • Calcium hydroxide has a higher solubility in water than potassium iodide.

    False

    What term is used to describe a solution when it has dissolved all of the solute it can at a given temperature?

    saturated

    When forces of attraction between the solute and solvent molecules are stronger than the intermolecular forces of the solute itself, the solution is described as ______.

    <p>soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each drug delivery method with its description:

    <p>Topical administration = Ointments, creams, and patches Rectal insertion = Vaginal and rectal suppositories Injections = Placement of drugs directly into tissues or bloodstream Inhalation = Aerosols and inhalants for respiratory delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur for a solute to dissolve in a solvent?

    <p>Attractive forces between solute and solvent must be overcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an excess amount of solute is added to a saturated solution and the temperature is increased, it will not dissolve further.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen bonding can occur between polar molecules and ______.

    <p>ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might increase the rate of solution when mixing a powder with a solvent?

    <p>Continued circulation of fresh solvent to the drug's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drug expiration dates indicate the time period after which the product may no longer be effective.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical volume for a usual dose of liquid pharmaceuticals intended for oral administration?

    <p>5 mL, 10 mL, or 15 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An oral solution should be __________, meaning it must be acceptable by the patient regarding taste, appearance, and odor.

    <p>palatable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the constituents of oral solutions with their functions:

    <p>Flavorants = Improve taste Colorants = Enhance appearance Stabilizers = Maintain stability Preservatives = Prevent microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a property that an oral solution should have?

    <p>Volatile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pharmacist does not need to consider chemical interactions when formulating oral solutions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the time required for the drug level in a product to degrade to 90 percent of its labeled potency?

    <p>Shelf life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Solutions are prepared by simple mixing of the __________ with the solvent.

    <p>solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mixing vessels are typically used on an industrial scale for preparing solutions?

    <p>Large mixing vessels with ports for mechanical stirrers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of solubility?

    <p>The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dissolution is an endpoint, while solubility is a process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one factor that affects the solubility of a drug.

    <p>Selection of solubilizing agent, temperature, pH of the solution, agitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula representing the relationship between solute, solvent, and solution is: Solute + Solvent --> __________ --> Solution.

    <p>dissolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following changes can improve the solubility of iodine in water?

    <p>Using potassium iodide as a solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temperature has no effect on the solubility of most chemicals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does agitation affect the rate of dissolution?

    <p>Increased agitation leads to faster formation of the solution by promoting more unsaturated solvent to contact the solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many organic medicinal agents are weak acids or weak bases, and their solubility largely depends on the __________ of the solvent.

    <p>pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their effect on solubility:

    <p>Temperature = Increases solubility for most chemicals Agitation = Increases contact between solute and solvent Particle size = Affects dissolution rate pH = Influences solubility of weak acids and bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a substance has a negative heat of solution, how does its solubility change with an increase in temperature?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of oral rehydration salts solutions (ORS) compared to parenterally administered electrolyte solutions?

    <p>Increased accessibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oral rehydration solutions should be mixed with other electrolyte-containing liquids for better effectiveness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of polyethylene glycol (PEG-3350) in oral colonic lavage solutions?

    <p>PEG acts as an osmotic agent in the gastrointestinal tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A liter of a typical oral rehydration solution contains 45 mEq of Na⁺, 20 mEq of K⁺, 35 mEq of CI⁻, 30 mEq of citrate, and ___ g of dextrose.

    <p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of oral colonic lavage to their descriptions:

    <p>PEG-3350 = Osmotic agent facilitating bowel cleansing Electrolytes = Balanced solution to prevent absorption/secretion Clear liquid diet = Traditional preparation for colonoscopy Laxatives = Administered the night before the procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of providing dry powder or granule forms of certain medications?

    <p>To maintain stability for an extended shelf life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oral rehydration solutions are used primarily to prevent dehydration resulting from fluid loss during diarrhea.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients do with any remaining medication after completing their prescribed course?

    <p>They should discard the remaining portion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pharmacist should advise the patient about the proper use, dosage, method of administration, and storage of the _______.

    <p>product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the condition with its related consequence:

    <p>Dehydration = Hypovolemic shock Diarrhea = Increased frequency of loose stools Vomiting = Malnutrition Fluid loss = Electrolyte depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can a reconstituted oral solution typically remain stable when stored in the refrigerator?

    <p>7 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medicinal agents should not be mixed with other beverages like juice or milk according to pharmacists' advice.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary electrolyte lost during diarrhea that is critical for hydration?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dry powder mixtures for reconstitution contain all components except for the _______.

    <p>solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of oral rehydration solutions?

    <p>Are typically high in sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to weak bases such as alkaloids when the pH of a dilute acid solution increases?

    <p>They may precipitate from the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydroxides and oxides of alkali metal cations are generally water insoluble.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when organic medicines that are weak acids are placed in basic solutions?

    <p>Water-soluble salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The solubility of a substance may be expressed as grams of solute dissolving in ______ of solvent.

    <p>milliliters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the salts with their solubility status:

    <p>NaCl = Water soluble BaSO4 = Poorly soluble AgI = Water insoluble KNO3 = Water soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions typically leads to a compound being water soluble?

    <p>Monovalent cations and anions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sulfides are generally water soluble except for alkali metal salts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of salts can be expected to be more water soluble than their corresponding insoluble salts?

    <p>Acid salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using talc in the preparation of elixirs?

    <p>To absorb excessive oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medicated elixirs are primarily used for their therapeutic benefit.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the most commonly used nonmedicated elixirs.

    <p>Aromatic elixir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antihistamines primarily provide symptomatic relief for certain __________ disorders.

    <p>allergic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of elixirs with their primary use:

    <p>Aromatic elixir = Nonmedicated vehicle Antihistamine elixir = Symptomatic relief for allergies Barbiturate elixirs = Sedation and hypnosis Isoalcoholic elixir = Diluent for medicated elixirs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solvent is frequently used in elixirs besides alcohol and water?

    <p>Glycerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elixirs containing more than 10% alcohol usually require the addition of an antimicrobial agent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical volume for a usual adult dose of elixirs?

    <p>5 or 10 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To maintain the highest possible alcoholic strength in elixirs, the aqueous solution is added to the ________ solution.

    <p>alcoholic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sweeteners with their typical use in elixirs:

    <p>Sucrose = Sweetening with higher solubility in water Saccharin = Artificial sweetener for high alcohol content Sorbitol = Alternative sweetener option Glycerin = Adjunctive sweetener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one main advantage of elixirs over solid dosage forms?

    <p>Easy dosage for those who can't swallow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elixirs are typically prepared by simply mixing ingredients without any agitation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for storing elixirs in tight, light-resistant containers?

    <p>To protect from excessive heat and light exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elixirs often use artificial sweeteners like ________ when they have a high alcoholic content.

    <p>saccharin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most elixirs contain coloring agents to enhance their taste.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT included in Darcy's equation for the rate of filtration?

    <p>Temperature of liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elixirs are generally more viscous and sweeter than syrups.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a porous plate filter?

    <p>To separate suspended materials from liquids based on pore size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical storage duration for a reconstituted oral solution in the refrigerator?

    <p>7 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elixirs require a specific blend of __________ and water to maintain all components in solution.

    <p>alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oral rehydration solutions are used to prevent dehydration caused by fluid loss due to diarrhea.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of filter with its description:

    <p>Membrane filter = Channel-like pores for small particles Granular materials = Used for simple clarification Porous plates = Made from substances like ceramic or glass Unwoven fibrous materials = Used for basic filtration purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients do with any remaining medication after completing their prescribed course?

    <p>discard the remaining portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do elixirs have over aqueous syrups?

    <p>They maintain both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dry powder mixture contains all components except for the _______.

    <p>solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of oral solutions with their functions:

    <p>Electrolytes = Maintain hydration Flavorants = Improve taste Buffers = Stabilize pH Colorants = Enhance appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing the surface area of the filter will decrease the rate of filtration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ultrafilters and microsieves play in filtration?

    <p>They separate microorganisms and very small particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is typically lost during diarrhea that is critical for hydration?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pharmacist is not responsible for advising the patient about the proper use of dispensed products.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The constant in Darcy's equation is represented by __________.

    <p>K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of using oral rehydration solutions?

    <p>to replace lost fecal water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the component of elixirs with its purpose:

    <p>Sweetener = Enhances taste Alcohol = Solubilizes components Water = Diluent for solution Flavoring agent = Improves palatability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some medications are provided to pharmacists in dry powder form for reconstitution with __________.

    <p>purified water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential aspect for a pharmacist when dispensing oral solutions?

    <p>Advising the patient on mixing with food or beverages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Sterile Water for Injection, USP?

    <p>To be used as a diluent for injectable medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP can be used in larger quantities than 30 mL.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is preferred method to facilitate the dissolution of solutes according to pharmacists?

    <p>Reducing particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmaceutical preparations are usually expressed in terms of ______ strength.

    <p>percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following water types with their characteristics:

    <p>Sterile Water for Injection = Must be pyrogen free and used as a diluent Bacteriostatic Water for Injection = Contains antimicrobial agents and is for small volumes Water for Injection = Used for preparing injectable solutions Deionized Water = Free from salts and used for laboratory purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can speed up the dissolution process of a solid in a solvent?

    <p>Using vigorous agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It's safe to use excessive heat to help dissolve drugs in a solvent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction do certain calcium salts undergo when they dissolve?

    <p>Exothermic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is represented by the variable 'A' in Darcy's equation for filtration?

    <p>Surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elixirs are generally sweeter and more viscous than syrups.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of filter media that can be used for filtration.

    <p>Woven materials, porous plates, membrane filters, unwoven fibrous materials, granular materials, ultrafilters, microsieves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The filtration rate increases with a larger exposed surface area and a higher _______ in pressure.

    <p>difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of filters with their descriptions:

    <p>Membrane filter = Forms channel-like pores Granular materials = Used for simple clarification Porous plates = Made from stones, ceramics Ultrafilter = Separates microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component in elixirs helps maintain both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble substances in solution?

    <p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of flavorants in oral solutions?

    <p>To make the medication more attractive and palatable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary reason for using elixirs is to mask the taste of medicinal substances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drug expiration dates indicate the time period during which a drug maintains its therapeutic activity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of increasing pressure in filtration equipment?

    <p>To accelerate the filtration process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elixirs require a specific blend of alcohol and water to maintain _____ in solution.

    <p>components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical volume for a usual dose of liquid pharmaceuticals intended for oral administration?

    <p>5 mL, 10 mL, or 15 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of filter media is generally used for separating very small particles and microorganisms?

    <p>Ultrafilter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ indicates the acceptable storage conditions required for a pharmaceutical product.

    <p>label</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following properties of oral solutions with their definitions:

    <p>Palatable = Acceptable in taste, appearance, and odor Stability = Ability to maintain potency over time Preservatives = Prevent microbial growth Stabilizers = Maintain chemical and physical stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the roles of preservatives in oral solutions?

    <p>To prevent microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical interactions between components of a solution do not affect the stability or potency of the preparation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is shelf life defined as?

    <p>The time required for the drug level to degrade to 90 percent of its labeled potency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Solutions are prepared by simple mixing of the solutes with the __________.

    <p>solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily affects the palatability of an oral solution?

    <p>The age of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of elixirs over solid dosage forms?

    <p>They allow for flexible and easy dosage administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elixirs with an alcoholic content higher than 10% usually require the addition of an antimicrobial agent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two adjunctive solvents that can be used in elixirs.

    <p>Glycerin and propylene glycol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elixirs are usually stored in __________ containers to protect them from excessive heat.

    <p>tight, light-resistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of elixirs with their functions:

    <p>Alcohol = Solvent for alcohol-soluble ingredients Sucrose = Common sweetening agent Flavorings = Enhance palatability Artificial sweeteners = Used in high alcohol elixirs for sweetness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of the colonic lavage solution recommended for adults before a gastrointestinal procedure?

    <p>4 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Magnesium citrate oral solution is known for its bitter taste.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of sodium citrate and citric acid oral solution?

    <p>To act as a systemic alkalinizer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patient should drink 240 mL of colonic lavage solution every ______ minutes.

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the component of the colonic lavage solution to its quantity:

    <p>PEG-3350 = 236.00 g Sodium sulfate = 22.74 g Sodium bicarbonate = 6.74 g Sodium chloride = 5.86 g Potassium chloride = 2.97 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for the sweet taste in magnesium citrate oral solution?

    <p>Lemon oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Initially, a bowel movement is expected to occur within two hours after consuming the colonic lavage solution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main alkali present in the sodium citrate and citric acid oral solution?

    <p>Sodium citrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemical reaction of preparing magnesium citrate involves reacting magnesium carbonate with an excess of ______.

    <p>citric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is sodium bicarbonate utilized in magnesium citrate oral solution preparation?

    <p>For carbonation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Drug Administration Routes

    • Rate-controlled drug action: Controlled-release tablets, capsules, and suspensions allow for sustained drug release and effect.
    • Topical drug action: Ointments, creams, transdermal patches, and ophthalmic, ear, and nasal preparations deliver drugs topically for localized effects.
    • Rectal or vaginal administration: Suppositories insert drugs directly into the rectum or vagina.
    • Injection: Injections directly deliver drugs into the bloodstream or body tissues.
    • Inhalation therapy: Inhalants and inhalation aerosols administer drugs through the respiratory system.

    Solubility and Dissolution

    • Solubility: The maximum concentration of a solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.
    • Factors affecting solubility:
      • Solubilizing agent/salt form: Using different solvents or salt forms can increase solubility.
      • Temperature: Most substances dissolve better at higher temperatures.
      • Particle size: Finer particles dissolve faster due to larger surface area.
      • Agitation: Stirring or shaking enhances the dissolving process.
      • pH: Solubility of weak acids and bases is influenced by the pH of the solution.
    • Dissolution: The process of a solute dispersing in a solvent to form a solution. It's a kinetic process unlike solubility.

    Oral Solutions

    • Properties:
      • Palatable: Solutions should be pleasant in taste, appearance, and odor.
      • Stability: Solutions must remain stable over time to ensure accurate dosing.
      • Effective: Solutions must be effective when taken, considering absorption and other factors.
    • Dry Mixtures for Solution:
      • Some medications are unstable in liquid form and are provided as dry powders or granules for reconstitution with water before dispensing.
    • Pharmacist's Role:
      • Dispensing commercially prepared solutions.
      • Diluting solutions for pediatric use.
      • Reconstituting dry powder mixtures.
      • Compounding solutions from raw materials.
    • Storage and Mixing Advice:
      • Pharmacists should advise patients on proper use, dosage, administration, and storage of oral solutions.
      • It's crucial to understand solubility and stability for advice on mixing with other liquids.

    Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS)

    • Purpose: To replace fluids and electrolytes lost due to diarrhea, preventing dehydration.
    • Composition: A typical ORS contains sodium, potassium, chloride, citrate, and dextrose.
    • Availability: Available over the counter (OTC) in liquid or powder form for reconstitution.
    • Important Considerations:
      • Use the specific amount of water for reconstituting powder forms.
      • Do not mix ORS with other electrolyte-containing drinks.

    Oral Colonic Lavage Solution

    • Purpose: To prepare the bowel for procedures like colonoscopy, replacing traditional methods.
    • Composition: A balanced electrolyte solution with polyethylene glycol (PEG-3350).
    • Advantages:
      • Less time and dietary restriction.
      • Eliminates need for cleansing enemas.
    • Mechanism of Action:
      • PEG acts as an osmotic agent, drawing water into the bowel.
      • Balanced electrolytes prevent significant changes in water or electrolyte balance.

    Solubility

    • Weak bases, including alkaloids, local anesthetics, and antihistamines, are soluble in acidic solutions but precipitate when pH increases.
    • Weak acids, like barbiturates and sulfonamides, form water-soluble salts in basic solutions and precipitate with lower pH.
    • Solubility is determined by preparing a saturated solution at a specific temperature and analyzing the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent.

    General Rules of Solubility: Inorganic Molecules

    • Monovalent cations and anions usually have good water solubility (e.g., NaCl, KI).
    • Compounds with one monovalent ion also tend to be water soluble (e.g., BaCl2, Na2SO4).
    • Multivalent cations and anions often have poor water solubility (e.g., CaSO4, BaSO4), with exceptions like ZnSO4 and FeSO4.
    • Alkali metal salts are generally water soluble (exception: Li2CO3).
    • Ammonium and quaternary ammonium salts are water-soluble.
    • Nitrates, nitrites, acetates, chlorates, and lactates are generally water soluble (exceptions: Silver and mercurous acetate).
    • Sulfates, sulfites, and thiosulfates are generally water soluble (exceptions: Calcium and barium salts).
    • Chlorides, bromides, and iodides are water soluble (exceptions: Salts of silver and mercurous ions).
    • Acid salts corresponding to insoluble salts are more water soluble than the original salt.
    • Hydroxides and oxides of compounds other than alkali metal cations and the ammonium ion are generally water insoluble.
    • Sulfides are water insoluble except for their alkali metal salts.

    Filtration

    • Darcy's equation describes factors influencing filtration rate: dv/dt = K×A× ΔΡ/ η×1
    • Surface area, pressure difference, and viscosity influence filtration rate.
    • Filters include woven materials, porous plates, membrane filters, unwoven fibrous materials, and granular or powdered materials.
    • Ultrafilters and microsieves separate microorganisms and small particles.

    Elixirs

    • Clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use.
    • Non-medicated elixirs serve as vehicles, while medicated elixirs have therapeutic effects.
    • Less sweet and viscous than syrups due to lower sugar content.
    • Better than syrups in maintaining both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble components.
    • Alcohol content varies based on solubility properties of individual components.
    • Commonly sweetened with sucrose or sorbitol and flavored for palatability.
    • High alcoholic content elixirs use artificial sweeteners like saccharin.
    • Elixirs with over 10% alcohol are usually self-preserving.
    • Medicated elixirs are formulated to provide a typical adult dose in a convenient measure (e.g., 5-10mL).
    • Provide flexibility for dosage administration to those struggling to swallow solids.
    • Disadvantageous due to alcohol content for children and those avoiding alcohol.
    • Store in tight, light-resistant containers and avoid excessive heat.

    Dry Mixtures for Solution

    • Certain antibiotics lack stability in aqueous solution.
    • Pharmacists receive dry powder or granules for reconstitution with water before dispensing.
    • Contains all formulative components except solvent.
    • Reconstituted solution remains stable for a labeled period (usually 7-14 days) in refrigeration.
    • Discard any remaining medication after completing the prescribed regimen.

    Oral Solutions

    • Pharmacists may dispense commercial oral solutions, dilute existing solutions, reconstitute dry mixtures, or compound solutions from bulk components.
    • Pharmacists should understand the dispensed product's use, dosage, administration, and storage.

    Oral Rehydration Solutions

    • Diarrhea can cause rapid fluid loss leading to dehydration.
    • Oral rehydration solutions replace lost fecal water and replenish sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate ions.
    • Important for managing dehydration and acidosis caused by diarrhea.
    • Nutritional foods like bran and soybean formula aid in recovery.

    Preparation of Elixirs

    • Prepared by simple solution with agitation and/or mixing of liquid ingredients.
    • Alcohol-soluble materials are dissolved separately in alcohol, water-soluble components in water.
    • Water solution is added to the alcohol solution to maintain alcoholic strength.
    • Filtration can be used if the mixture becomes cloudy due to flavoring oil separation.
    • Talc acts as a filter aid, absorbing excess oils.

    Nonmedicated Elixirs

    • Useful for adding therapeutic agents to pleasant-tasting vehicles or diluting existing medicated elixirs.
    • Considerations include drug solubility and stability in water and alcohol.
    • The diluent's alcoholic concentration should match the elixir being diluted.
    • Flavor and color should be compatible with the medicated elixir.
    • Commonly used nonmedicated elixirs include Aromatic elixir, Compound benzaldehyde elixir, and Isoalcoholic elixir.

    Medicated Elixirs

    • Used for their therapeutic benefits.

    Antihistamine Elixir

    • Used for symptomatic relief of allergic disorders.
    • Suppress symptoms caused by histamine.
    • Common side effects include sedation, dryness of nose and throat, dizziness, and disturbed concentration.

    Barbiturate Sedative and Hypnotic Elixirs

    • Barbiturates act as sedatives and hypnotics, depressing the central nervous system.
    • Doses determine effect from sedation to hypnosis to respiratory depression.
    • Administered in small doses for daytime sedation and larger doses at night for insomnia.

    Water for Injection

    • It is sterile water for injection, used as solvent, vehicle, or diluent for sterilized injectable medications.
    • It is packaged in single-dose containers of up to 1 L

    Sterile Water for Injection

    • It is a type of water for injection, containing one or more antimicrobials.
    • Used as a sterile vehicle to prepare small volumes of injectable solutions.
    • Packaged in prefilled syringes or vials containing no more than 30 mL.

    Preparation of Solutions

    • Most pharmaceutical solutions are unsaturated with solute.
    • The amounts of solute are usually well below the capacity of the solvent.
    • Percent strength is the standard way to express the strength of pharmaceutical preparations.

    Properties of oral solutions

    • Palatable: The preparation must be acceptable by the patients in terms of taste, appearance, and odor. This is affected by several factors, such as patient age, dosage form, and the taste and color of the drug.
    • Stability: Ensures the patient will receive the stated amount on the label and maintains stability for a specific time (stored at room temperature).

    Elixirs

    • Clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use. They are usually flavored to enhance palatability.
    • Less sweet and viscous than syrups because they contain a lower proportion of sugar.
    • Better than aqueous syrups in maintaining both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble components in solution.
    • Alcohol content varies widely depending on the solubility characteristics of the elixir components.
    • Usually self-preserving due to their high alcohol content (over 10%).
    • One or two teaspoonfuls (5 or 10 mL) provide the usual adult dose of the drug.

    Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution

    • Colorless to slightly yellow, clear effervescent liquid with a sweet, acidulous taste and lemon flavor.
    • Contains an amount of magnesium citrate equivalent to 1.55 to 1.9 g of magnesium oxide in each 100 mL.
    • Prepared by reacting magnesium carbonate with citric acid, flavoring and sweetening with lemon oil and syrup, filtering with talc, and then carbonating it with potassium or sodium bicarbonate.
    • Employed as a saline cathartic.

    Sodium Citrate and Citric Acid Oral Solution

    • Contains sodium citrate 100 mg and citric acid 67 mg in each milliliter of aqueous solution.
    • Administered orally in doses of 10 to 30 mL as frequently as four times daily as a systemic alkalinizer.
    • Useful for maintaining an alkaline urine in patients with uric acid and cystine calculi of the urinary tract.
    • Also used as an adjuvant in gout therapy.

    Preparation of Elixirs

    • Usually prepared by simple solution with agitation and/or by admixture of two or more liquid ingredients.
    • Alcohol-soluble materials are dissolved separately in alcohol and water-soluble components are dissolved separately in purified water.
    • The aqueous solution is added to the alcoholic solution, not the reverse, to maintain the highest possible alcoholic strength.
    • Frequently, the final mixture is cloudy, due to separation of some of the flavoring oils by the reduced alcoholic concentration.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Pharmaceutical Technology PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores various drug administration routes and solubility concepts vital for understanding pharmacology. It covers rate-controlled actions, topical applications, injections, inhalation therapies, and factors influencing solubility. Test your knowledge on how these methods impact drug delivery.

    More Like This

    Drug Administration Routes Quiz
    16 questions

    Drug Administration Routes Quiz

    ProminentPrairieDog54 avatar
    ProminentPrairieDog54
    Drug Administration Routes Quiz
    16 questions

    Drug Administration Routes Quiz

    UsefulKrypton5798 avatar
    UsefulKrypton5798
    Routes of Drug Administration Quiz
    18 questions

    Routes of Drug Administration Quiz

    SolicitousPelican7010 avatar
    SolicitousPelican7010
    Drug Administration Routes Quiz
    10 questions

    Drug Administration Routes Quiz

    UndisputableElbaite4281 avatar
    UndisputableElbaite4281
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser