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Nov Exam Easy 1
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Nov Exam Easy 1

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Questions and Answers

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

  • Cytoplasm
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Ribosomes
  • Nucleus (correct)

    • What is the primary function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

  • Transmits majority of genetic information
  • Inherited paternally
  • Plays a role in photosynthesis
  • Energy production within the cell (correct)

    • Which cellular organelle does chloroplast DNA contribute to the function of?

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Chloroplasts (correct)
  • Nucleus

    • What are chromosomes made of in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which DNA carries the majority of genetic information that dictates an organism's characteristics?

    <p>Nuclear DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Storing and transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with thymine in DNA?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of DNA known as?

    <p>Double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which RNA type is involved in transporting amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in RNA?

    <p>Thymine (T)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying genetic code from DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

    <p>Facilitating the unwinding of the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer during DNA replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the termination phase of DNA replication?

    <p>Ligase enzymes join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication for genetic variation?

    <p>It contributes to genetic diversity within populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key purpose of DNA profiling or DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>Identifying individuals based on their unique DNA characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does transcription occur in a cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA in translation?

    <p>Decode mRNA to synthesize proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of meiosis in cell division?

    <p>Reduce chromosome number by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA carries amino acids during protein synthesis?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Prophase II of Meiosis?

    <p>Chromosomes align at the equator of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?

    <p>By introducing genetic variation through crossing over and random assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of reducing chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>It ensures correct chromosome number in offspring after fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an outcome of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Generation of abnormal gametes with an incorrect number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Down Syndrome occur?

    <p>Resulting from non-disjunction involving chromosome 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process are daughter cells genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during meiosis that does not happen during mitosis, contributing to genetic diversity?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis involves the splitting of centromeres and movement of chromatids to opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of an organism called, determining its specific characteristics?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what are alleles that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes called?

    <p>Recessive alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between complete dominance and incomplete dominance?

    <p>Complete dominance results in a blend of phenotypes, while incomplete dominance shows clear dominant and recessive traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does co-dominance differ from incomplete dominance?

    <p>In co-dominance, both alleles are fully expressed, while in incomplete dominance, one allele masks the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept refers to having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Mendel's Principle of Segregation, what happens to alleles during gamete formation?

    <p>Alleles segregate and each gamete carries two alleles for each trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of a male that determines the sex of offspring in humans?

    <p>XY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the cell?

    <p>Converting light energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelle does chloroplast DNA contribute to the function of?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>Storing and transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication primarily take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed in a cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transporting amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) found within a cell?

    <p>Within ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in RNA?

    <p>Thymine (T)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying genetic code from DNA to cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Storing and transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, where does the replication process take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine in DNA?

    <p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA during replication?

    <p>Ensuring accurate DNA copying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during DNA replication?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the RNA primer synthesized by primase during DNA replication?

    <p>To initiate the synthesis of the new DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>To join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do DNA polymerases contribute to ensuring the fidelity of DNA replication?

    <p>By proofreading and correcting errors in base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary contribution of DNA replication to genetic diversity?

    <p>Generating mutations that lead to genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial event that occurs during the transcription stage of protein synthesis?

    <p>Unwinding of the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle does translation primarily occur in?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of tRNA during translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of meiosis with respect to the number of chromosomes in the resulting gametes?

    <p>Chromosomes are halved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the daughter cells produced from mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Daughter cells from mitosis are genetically identical, while daughter cells from meiosis are genetically varied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference in the arrangement of chromosomes during metaphase in mitosis and meiosis I?

    <p>Individual chromosomes are arranged on the equator during metaphase of mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term used to describe different forms of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept refers to having two identical alleles at a specific trait locus?

    <p>Homozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell?

    <p>To store genetic information in the form of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the nuclear envelope behavior in Prophase II of meiosis compared to Prophase I?

    <p>The nuclear envelope dissolves in Prophase II but remains intact in Prophase I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of meiosis in ensuring genetic variation within a species?

    <p>To introduce genetic diversity through mechanisms like crossing over and random assortment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does non-disjunction during meiosis lead to chromosomal abnormalities in offspring?

    <p>It leads to an increased number of chromosomes in gametes, causing abnormalities in offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the spindle fibers in Anaphase II of meiosis?

    <p>They separate sister chromatids into individual chromosomes that move towards opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis an essential process?

    <p>It exchanges genetic material between homologous chromosomes, creating new gene combinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance?

    <p>Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotype, while co-dominance shows both traits distinctly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what term refers to having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of a couple having a baby girl after already having three sons, according to Mendelian genetics?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes Mendel's Principle of Segregation?

    <p>Organisms inherit two alleles for each trait, and these alleles segregate randomly during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of monohybrid crosses in genetics?

    <p>Tracking inheritance of single traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the cell?

    <p>Playing a critical role in energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle does chloroplast DNA contribute to the function of?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>Storing, transmitting, and executing genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Transmission of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the timing at which the process occurs?

    <p>Interphase S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of DNA composed of?

    <p>Two long strands of nucleotides coiled around each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine in DNA?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the double helix structure of DNA?

    <p>Allows for accurate copying and transmission of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of RNA nucleotides made up of?

    <p>Ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and four nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Facilitating assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does transfer RNA (tRNA) primarily function during protein synthesis?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing RNA primers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do helicases do during DNA replication?

    <p>Facilitate unwinding of the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, what happens during termination?

    <p>Replication forks meet, and ligase joins Okazaki fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of proofreading during DNA replication?

    <p>Minimizes mutations by correcting errors in base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding DNA replication important in genetics and medical research?

    <p>As a foundation for biological research and cancer studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, which of the following correctly describes the relationship between RNA nucleotides and DNA template strand nucleotides?

    <p>RNA nucleotides pair with complementary bases on the DNA template strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA during translation?

    <p>To carry amino acids and pair with ribosomal RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular organelle does translation primarily occur?

    <p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Telophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?

    <p>By allowing for crossing over and random arrangement of chromosome pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between meiosis and mitosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Meiosis results in haploid daughter cells, while mitosis results in diploid daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Production of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome when a zygote forms with an extra copy of chromosome 21 due to non-disjunction?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance?

    <p>Incomplete dominance results in one allele masking the other, while co-dominance shows both alleles equally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetic cross for flower color where red (RR) and white (rr) colors blend to produce pink flowers (Rr), what type of inheritance is being exhibited?

    <p>Incomplete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept behind Mendel's Principle of Segregation?

    <p>Alleles segregate during gamete formation, ensuring each gamete carries only one allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using Punnett squares in genetics crosses?

    <p>To calculate the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross, what is the purpose of tracking the inheritance of different versions (alleles) of one specific gene?

    <p>To predict the likelihood of specific traits appearing in offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the daughter cells produced from mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Daughter cells in mitosis are genetically identical to each other, while daughter cells in meiosis are genetically different from each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the cell?

    <p>To ensure genetic diversity in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term used to describe having two different alleles at a specific trait locus?

    <p>Heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of cell division involves the arrangement of individual chromosomes on the equator?

    <p>Metaphase in mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Law of Dominance in genetics?

    <p>Describes the expression of traits when contrasting homozygous organisms are crossed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the cell?

    <p>Plays a critical role in energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle in plants contains DNA essential for photosynthesis?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Organizing and compacting DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA inheritance is maternally inherited and involved in energy production within the cell?

    <p>Mitochondrial DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins use to study DNA's molecular structure?

    <p>X-ray diffraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds the two strands of DNA together in the double helix structure?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>Genetic information storage and transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the pairing between adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine in DNA?

    <p>It ensures accurate copying during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do errors in the base pairing during DNA replication get corrected?

    <p>Through proofreading abilities of DNA polymerases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during termination in DNA replication?

    <p>The replication forks meet and the process concludes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is mRNA formed?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of rRNA in the cell?

    <p>Facilitating protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of RNA primarily composed of?

    <p>Single-stranded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During protein synthesis, what does tRNA transport to the ribosome?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, what is the role of the template strand in protein synthesis?

    <p>It carries the genetic information from DNA to mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In translation, what is the function of tRNA molecules during protein synthesis?

    <p>They transport amino acids and have anticodons to match codons on mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis involves the separation of homologous chromosomes, each still composed of two chromatids?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>It leads to the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, what occurs when a ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA?

    <p>The mRNA is released from the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of genetic diversity?

    <p>Meiosis produces genetically unique daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis involves the splitting of centromeres and movement of chromatids to opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of an organism that has two different alleles for a specific trait?

    <p>Heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the physical appearance of an organism based on its genetic makeup?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary genetic consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Creation of abnormal gametes with an incorrect number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of reducing chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>To maintain a constant chromosome number in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process contributes to genetic variation within a species during meiosis?

    <p>Random Assortment of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major genetic condition can arise due to non-disjunction involving chromosome pair 21?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between complete dominance and incomplete dominance?

    <p>Complete dominance involves one allele masking the other, while incomplete dominance shows equal expression of both alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what does the principle of segregation explain?

    <p>How genes are transmitted from parents to offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding incomplete dominance and co-dominance in genetics?

    <p>To interpret genetic crosses and predict inheritance patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross involving Mendel's pea plants, what genotypic ratio is expected when both parents are heterozygous for stem height (Tt)?

    <p>1 TT : 1 Tt : 1 tt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the genetic outcomes when a male with genotype XY and a female with genotype XX have offspring?

    <p>Equal probability of male and female offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the cell?

    <p>Aids in cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process contributes to genetic variation within a species during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the double helix structure of DNA?

    <p>Allows for easy storage and replication of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transfers amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>Storing and transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, where does the process primarily take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in DNA?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA, what is the function of the phosphate group within a nucleotide?

    <p>Stabilizing the sugar molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of genetic information being faithfully transmitted during cell division?

    <p>Maintains genetic continuity between generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily located within the cell?

    <p>In the ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during Anaphase II of meiosis?

    <p>Centromeres divide, and sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of RNA compared to DNA?

    <p>RNA is single-stranded and does not form a double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process in meiosis is responsible for introducing genetic variation within a species?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what phase of meiosis does the reduction of chromosome number from diploid to haploid occur?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes messenger RNA (mRNA)?

    <p>Carries genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of maintaining the correct chromosome number through meiosis?

    <p>To balance the number of chromosomes in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Converts genetic information from DNA into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can arise due to non-disjunction involving chromosome 21 during meiosis?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the short RNA primer during DNA replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the direction in which DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication for genetic diversity within populations?

    <p>Contributing to genetic variation through error-prone replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step of DNA replication involves the addition of nucleotides complementary to the original DNA template?

    <p>Elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process results in the formation of four genetically different daughter cells?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of Dominance state in genetics?

    <p>Offspring will display the dominant trait if one parent has a recessive allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of an organism known as?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic cross involves two different characteristics or traits?

    <p>Dihybrid Cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription in protein synthesis, which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events?

    <p>DNA unwinds, mRNA formation, mRNA exits the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In meiosis, where does the first major reduction in chromosome number occur?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA during translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis involves the random arrangement of homologous chromosomes pairs?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In protein synthesis, what is the function of the ribosome during translation?

    <p>Adding amino acids in sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept refers to having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for it when neither allele is completely dominant over the other, resulting in a blend or intermediate phenotype?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Mendel's Principle of Segregation, what happens during the formation of gametes?

    <p>Alleles segregate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in individuals exhibiting complete dominance for a particular trait?

    <p>One allele masks the presence of another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX) according to Mendelian genetics?

    <p>50% chance of having a male or female offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell organelle contains DNA responsible for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleic acid is responsible for the genetic blueprint of life?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms chromosomes by organizing and compacting DNA within the nucleus?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases during replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, in which direction do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the new DNA strand?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ligase enzymes during DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of proofreading abilities in DNA polymerases during replication?

    <p>Ensuring the fidelity of DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>Directing the synthesis of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, where does the process take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the specific pairing of adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine in DNA?

    <p>It prevents mutations during replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientists proposed the double helix model of DNA in 1953?

    <p>James Watson and Francis Crick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process involved in protein synthesis as per the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>Transcription and translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of protein synthesis?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does transcription primarily occur?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of tRNA during translation?

    <p>Decoding anticodons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase does meiosis reduce the chromosome number by half?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

    <p>Introduces genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily located within the cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Delivering amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of rRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Facilitating assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the structure of RNA compared to DNA?

    <p>RNA is single-stranded and has ribose sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Generation of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis involves the spindle fibers pulling sister chromatids apart?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of introducing genetic variation through meiosis?

    <p>To contribute to diversity within a species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitosis in the life cycle of organisms?

    <p>Facilitate growth and maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis involves homologous chromosomes pairing up?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are alleles in genetics?

    <p>Different forms of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Law of Dominance important in genetics?

    <p>Predicts genetic inheritance patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous organisms in terms of alleles?

    <p>Heterozygous organisms have two different alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between complete dominance and incomplete dominance?

    <p>In complete dominance, one allele is fully dominant over the other, while in incomplete dominance, neither allele is completely dominant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the formation of gametes according to Mendel's Principle of Segregation?

    <p>Alleles segregate and separate into different gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In co-dominance, how are both alleles expressed in the phenotype?

    <p>Both alleles are equally expressed without blending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical format for representing a genetics cross involving Punnett squares?

    <p>Using letters to represent alleles (capital for dominant, lowercase for recessive).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Regulating gene expression in multicellular organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine in DNA replication?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>Transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the cell?