Gr 12 Life Sciences June Exam P2 (Easy)
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Questions and Answers

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

  • In the nucleus (correct)
  • In the ribosomes
  • In the cytoplasm
  • In the cell membrane

What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

  • It is responsible for photosynthesis in plants
  • It plays a critical role in energy production within the cell (correct)
  • It carries the majority of genetic information for an organism
  • It is responsible for the structure and function of the cell membrane

What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

  • It is essential for photosynthesis, enabling plants to convert light energy into chemical energy (correct)
  • It is responsible for the structure and function of the cell wall
  • It regulates the growth and development of the plant
  • It is essential for the production of enzymes in the plant

What is the primary function of DNA?

<p>To store and transmit genetic information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chromosomes composed of?

<p>DNA and proteins called histones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key discovery that paved the way for understanding DNA's structure?

<p>The use of X-ray diffraction to study DNA's molecular structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a nucleotide is responsible for encoding genetic information?

<p>The nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA?

<p>To store and transmit genetic information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replication initiated?

<p>S phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

<p>In the nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of protein synthesis does DNA unwind and unzip?

<p>Transcription (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

<p>Carrying specific amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does meiosis occur in animals?

<p>Sex organs (testes and ovaries) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the first meiotic division in meiosis?

<p>Reduction of chromosome number by half (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase I in meiosis?

<p>Reformation of nuclear membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of helicases in DNA replication?

<p>To unwind the double helix and separate the DNA strands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does DNA polymerase add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

<p>5' to 3' direction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of DNA replication?

<p>To conserve genetic information and support cell growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNA profiling or DNA fingerprinting?

<p>To identify individuals based on their unique DNA patterns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about interpreting DNA profiles is true?

<p>Interpretation should be done cautiously due to potential sources of error (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

<p>Prophase II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

<p>Halve the chromosome number (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific error during meiosis can lead to Down Syndrome?

<p>Non-disjunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In humans, what is the result when an abnormal gamete with 24 chromosomes fuses with a normal gamete with 23 chromosomes?

<p>Down Syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process results in the formation of gametes with different combinations of chromosomes?

<p>Meiosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary use of DNA profiling?

<p>Identifying crime suspects through DNA evidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell?

<p>Carrying the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of RNA?

<p>A single-stranded polymer made up of nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>Transporting amino acids to the ribosome in the correct order (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about protein synthesis is correct?

<p>It converts the genetic code within DNA into functional proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of mitosis?

<p>Cell growth and repair of damaged tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about meiosis is correct?

<p>It produces four genetically diverse daughter cells with half the chromosome number of the parent cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up?

<p>Prophase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between anaphase in mitosis and meiosis I?

<p>In mitosis, chromatids separate, while in meiosis I, whole chromosomes separate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

<p>Producing genetically diverse gametes for sexual reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis II is similar to mitosis?

<p>All phases of meiosis II are similar to mitosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

<p>It increases genetic diversity among the produced gametes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between telophase in mitosis and meiosis I?

<p>In mitosis, two identical daughter cells are formed, while in meiosis I, two haploid and genetically distinct daughter cells are formed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of meiosis in maintaining the chromosome number in species?

<p>It halves the chromosome number in the daughter cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Mitosis and meiosis are complementary processes that play distinct roles in the life cycle of organisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structures are made of DNA and histones?

<p>Chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) primarily inherited from?

<p>Maternally (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

<p>Photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in plant cells?

<p>Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA?

<p>Storing and transmitting genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?

<p>S phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the double helix structure of DNA?

<p>Facilitating accurate DNA replication and information storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in DNA?

<p>Thymine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process involved in protein synthesis based on the central dogma of molecular biology?

<p>Translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is mRNA formed?

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which RNA type is involved in transporting amino acids to the ribosome?

<p>tRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of RNA compared to DNA?

<p>Single-stranded (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

<p>Assemble amino acids into proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cell compartment is rRNA located?

<p>Ribosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA replication?

<p>To ensure the transmission of genetic information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

<p>To unwind the DNA double helix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does DNA polymerase add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

<p>3' to 5' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA profiling or DNA fingerprinting?

<p>To identify individuals based on their unique DNA characteristics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about interpreting DNA profiles is true?

<p>Interpretation should be approached cautiously due to potential sources of error (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of transcription?

<p>To transfer genetic information from DNA to mRNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the process of translation?

<p>mRNA attaches to a ribosome, and tRNA molecules bring amino acids to synthesize a protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of meiosis?

<p>To produce gametes with half the number of chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

<p>Prophase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

<p>To carry specific amino acids and match them to codons on mRNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

<p>To introduce genetic variation and produce haploid gametes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of meiosis contributes to genetic variation?

<p>Crossing over during Prophase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

<p>Production of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when an abnormal gamete with 24 chromosomes fuses with a normal gamete with 23 chromosomes in humans?

<p>A zygote with 47 chromosomes, leading to Down Syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Mitosis involves one division, while meiosis involves two divisions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis I do homologous chromosomes pair up?

<p>Prophase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the chromosome number differ between the parent cell and daughter cells in mitosis and meiosis?

<p>In mitosis, the chromosome number remains constant, while in meiosis, it is halved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of crossing over during meiosis?

<p>To increase genetic diversity among the gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of meiosis I in terms of daughter cells?

<p>Two genetically different haploid daughter cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis II resembles mitosis?

<p>All phases of meiosis II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

<p>Growth and repair of somatic cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of mitosis is similar to metaphase I of meiosis?

<p>Metaphase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of meiosis in terms of genetic diversity?

<p>Genetically diverse gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Meiosis is a specialized form of mitosis for gamete formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

<p>Plays a role in energy production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotic cells, where can chloroplast DNA be found?

<p>Chloroplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular organelle is responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy in plants?

<p>Chloroplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chromosomes composed of?

<p>DNA and histones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a short RNA primer during DNA replication?

<p>Primerase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During DNA replication, in which direction do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

<p>5' to 3' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ligase enzymes in DNA replication termination?

<p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process helps ensure the fidelity of DNA replication by correcting errors or mismatches in base pairing?

<p>Proofreading and Repair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does DNA replication play in cell growth and division?

<p>Supporting cellular function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA replication?

<p>To ensure the continuity of genetic information during cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

<p>In the nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure of DNA?

<p>DNA is a double helix composed of two strands of nucleotides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the nitrogenous bases in DNA?

<p>To encode genetic information through their specific sequence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>S phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of protein synthesis that occurs in the nucleus?

<p>Transcription (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During translation, what is the function of tRNA molecules in the cytoplasm?

<p>Carrying amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase I of meiosis?

<p>Chromosomes split into two sets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location for meiosis in plants?

<p>Anthers and ovules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of meiosis in terms of chromosome maintenance?

<p>To reduce chromosome number (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell?

<p>To carry the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>To deliver the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome in the correct order specified by the mRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily located within the cell?

<p>Within the ribosomes in the cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA profiling or DNA fingerprinting?

<p>To identify crime suspects by comparing DNA samples from crime scenes with those from suspects or databases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the structure of RNA?

<p>RNA is a polymer made up of nucleotides consisting of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of crossing over during meiosis?

<p>To introduce genetic variation in offspring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

<p>The production of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Mitosis maintains the chromosome number, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

<p>The production of haploid daughter cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis II is similar to mitosis?

<p>Anaphase II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the daughter cells produced in mitosis and those produced in meiosis?

<p>Daughter cells in mitosis are genetically identical, while those in meiosis are genetically different. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of mitosis in the life cycle of organisms?

<p>Mitosis ensures growth and maintenance of multicellular organisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between metaphase in mitosis and metaphase I in meiosis?

<p>In mitosis, homologous chromosomes pair up, while in meiosis I, individual chromosomes align on the equator. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

<p>It increases genetic variability among gametes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis II resembles mitosis for haploid cells?

<p>Anaphase II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of meiosis with regard to genetic diversity?

<p>Generation of varied combinations of genes among gametes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of meiosis is the chromosome number halved?

<p>Anaphase I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes significantly to genetic variability among produced gametes during meiosis?

<p>Crossing over during prophase I. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do daughter cells produced in mitosis compare to those produced in meiosis?

<p>Daughter cells from mitosis are identical while those from meiosis are not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular organelle contains DNA responsible for energy production within the cell?

<p>Mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

<p>Plays a role in photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is made of DNA and proteins, organizing and compacting the DNA within the cell nucleus?

<p>Chromosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in cells?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

<p>In the nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>Transports amino acids to the ribosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does RNA differ from DNA structurally?

<p>RNA contains uracil instead of thymine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules primarily located?

<p>Within the ribosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a critical breakthrough that enabled the discovery of DNA's double helix structure?

<p>The application of X-ray diffraction techniques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>Carries the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA?

<p>To store and transmit genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the specific base pairing between nitrogenous bases in DNA?

<p>It ensures accurate copying during DNA replication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell?

<p>To carry instructions for protein synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>S phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of meiosis in the cell cycle?

<p>Reducing the chromosome number in gametes for sexual reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

<p>Prophase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>Carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA polymerase in protein synthesis?

<p>Adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does mRNA exit from after transcription in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme facilitates the unwinding of the DNA double helix during the initiation step of DNA replication?

<p>Helicase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA polymerase enzymes during DNA replication?

<p>To add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does DNA replication occur?

<p>5' to 3' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of DNA replication?

<p>To conserve genetic information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about interpreting DNA profiles is correct?

<p>Interpretation should be approached cautiously due to potential errors and non-unique DNA regions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between meiosis and mitosis?

<p>Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells, while mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Down Syndrome?

<p>Non-disjunction during meiosis, leading to an extra copy of chromosome 21 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

<p>Prophase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

<p>Producing gametes with a haploid chromosome number (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process during meiosis contributes to genetic variation in offspring?

<p>Random assortment of chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis are whole chromosomes pulled to poles?

<p>Metaphase in meiosis I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between metaphase in mitosis and metaphase I in meiosis?

<p>In meiosis I, homologous chromosome pairs line up on the equator. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the second division in meiosis (Meiosis II) for haploid cells?

<p>Results in two haploid daughter cells that are not identical (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Meiosis?

<p>Genetic diversity and reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase results in two haploid daughter cells that are not identical in meiosis I?

<p>Telophase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes significantly to genetic variability among produced gametes during meiosis?

<p>Crossing over and halving of chromosome number (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is responsible for ensuring that end products are haploid but genetically varied in Meiosis II?

<p>Anaphase II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Homologous chromosomes pair up' is a characteristic feature of which phase?

<p>'Prophase' in meiosis I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Karyokinesis and cytokinesis occur twice' is specific to which process?

<p>'Mitosis' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the cell?

<p>Energy production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

<p>Photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular organelles, in addition to the nucleus, contain DNA?

<p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chromosomes primarily made of?

<p>Proteins and nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of primase in DNA replication?

<p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer for DNA polymerases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of DNA replication in terms of genetic diversity?

<p>Contributes to genetic diversity through mutations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication termination?

<p>Ligase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of DNA profiling or DNA fingerprinting?

<p>Identifying individuals based on unique DNA characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do DNA polymerases contribute to the fidelity of DNA replication?

<p>Proofreading errors and mismatches in base pairing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is mRNA formed?

<p>In the nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of rRNA in protein synthesis?

<p>Facilitating protein synthesis in ribosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes RNA different from DNA in terms of structure?

<p>RNA is single-stranded (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

<p>Uracil (U) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

<p>Delivering amino acids to the ribosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA?

<p>To store and transmit genetic information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the nitrogenous bases in the DNA double helix?

<p>Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA replication?

<p>To ensure the continuity of genetic information during cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

<p>In the nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the process of protein synthesis?

<p>To carry the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes for translation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

<p>To produce gametes with a haploid number of chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

<p>The production of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

<p>It introduces genetic variation by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells, while meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of meiosis with regard to genetic diversity?

<p>The introduction of genetic variation through crossing over and random assortment of chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mRNA during the translation stage of protein synthesis?

<p>To decode the sequence of nucleotides into a polypeptide chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

<p>Prophase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tRNA during protein synthesis?

<p>To carry amino acids to the ribosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the first meiotic division (Meiosis I)?

<p>The chromosome number is halved, and two haploid cells are produced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of crossing over during meiosis?

<p>To increase genetic diversity in the offspring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

<p>Prophase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

<p>The chromosome number is halved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis II resembles mitosis?

<p>All phases of meiosis II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of meiosis in maintaining the chromosome number in species?

<p>Halving the chromosome number (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis are whole chromosomes pulled to poles?

<p>Anaphase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of meiosis in the cell cycle?

<p>Production of gametes for sexual reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do daughter cells produced in mitosis compare to those produced in meiosis?

<p>Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces genetically diverse daughter cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about meiosis is correct?

<p>It halves the chromosome number in daughter cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of DNA replication in terms of genetic diversity?

<p>It maintains the same genetic information in daughter cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle contains DNA responsible for energy production within the cell?

<p>Mitochondria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

<p>Photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structures are made of DNA and proteins called histones?

<p>Chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within a cell?

<p>Energy production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA?

<p>Storing and transmitting genetic information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What holds the two strands of DNA together in the double helix structure?

<p>Hydrogen bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of DNA replication?

<p>It ensures continuity of genetic information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine in DNA?

<p>Guanine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme facilitates the unwinding of the DNA double helix during replication?

<p>Helicase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a short RNA primer necessary for initiating DNA strand synthesis?

<p>Primase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction in which DNA polymerases add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication?

<p>5' to 3' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, creating a continuous double-stranded DNA molecule during replication?

<p>Ligase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of proofreading abilities in DNA polymerases during replication?

<p>Minimizing mismatch errors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is mRNA formed within the cell?

<p>In the nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

<p>Uracil (U) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>Carrying amino acids to the ribosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of RNA plays a critical role in the structure and function of ribosomes?

<p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>Carrying genetic code from DNA to cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis do the centromeres divide and the spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids toward opposite poles?

<p>Anaphase II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of meiosis in the cell cycle?

<p>Introduction of genetic variation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence can result from non-disjunction during meiosis?

<p>Generation of gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material at chiasmata during meiosis?

<p>Formation of genetically unique chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the final outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

<p>Offspring have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of transcription in protein synthesis?

<p>To transfer genetic information from DNA to mRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During translation, what happens when a tRNA's anticodon matches a codon on the mRNA?

<p>An amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of homologous chromosomes aligning during meiosis?

<p>To increase genetic diversity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of meiosis does the cell split into two through cytokinesis?

<p>Telophase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of the second meiotic division (Meiosis II)?

<p>Halving of the chromosome number (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of the resulting daughter cells?

<p>Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces genetically diverse daughter cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs?

<p>Prophase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of meiosis in the life cycle of organisms?

<p>Reduction of chromosome number and production of gametes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the chromosome arrangement differ between metaphase in mitosis and metaphase I in meiosis?

<p>In mitosis, individual chromosomes line up on the equator, while in meiosis I, homologous chromosome pairs line up. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mitosis in the life cycle of organisms?

<p>Growth and maintenance of somatic cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the chromosome number change during meiosis compared to mitosis?

<p>The chromosome number is halved in meiosis but remains constant in mitosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of meiosis II for the haploid daughter cells produced in meiosis I?

<p>Meiosis II produces four genetically varied haploid daughter cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does meiosis occur in animals to produce gametes?

<p>In the sex organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of crossing over during meiosis?

<p>It increases genetic variability among the produced gametes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles?

<p>Anaphase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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