Gr 12 Life Sciences June Exam P2 (Easy)
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Questions and Answers

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

  • In the nucleus (correct)
  • In the ribosomes
  • In the cytoplasm
  • In the cell membrane

    • What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

  • It is responsible for photosynthesis in plants
  • It plays a critical role in energy production within the cell (correct)
  • It carries the majority of genetic information for an organism
  • It is responsible for the structure and function of the cell membrane

    • What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

  • It is essential for photosynthesis, enabling plants to convert light energy into chemical energy (correct)
  • It is responsible for the structure and function of the cell wall
  • It regulates the growth and development of the plant
  • It is essential for the production of enzymes in the plant

    • What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chromosomes composed of?

    <p>DNA and proteins called histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key discovery that paved the way for understanding DNA's structure?

    <p>The use of X-ray diffraction to study DNA's molecular structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a nucleotide is responsible for encoding genetic information?

    <p>The nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replication initiated?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of protein synthesis does DNA unwind and unzip?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying specific amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis occur in animals?

    <p>Sex organs (testes and ovaries)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the first meiotic division in meiosis?

    <p>Reduction of chromosome number by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during telophase I in meiosis?

    <p>Reformation of nuclear membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of helicases in DNA replication?

    <p>To unwind the double helix and separate the DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction does DNA polymerase add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>5' to 3' direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of DNA replication?

    <p>To conserve genetic information and support cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of DNA profiling or DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>To identify individuals based on their unique DNA patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about interpreting DNA profiles is true?

    <p>Interpretation should be done cautiously due to potential sources of error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Halve the chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific error during meiosis can lead to Down Syndrome?

    <p>Non-disjunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, what is the result when an abnormal gamete with 24 chromosomes fuses with a normal gamete with 23 chromosomes?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process results in the formation of gametes with different combinations of chromosomes?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary use of DNA profiling?

    <p>Identifying crime suspects through DNA evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell?

    <p>Carrying the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the structure of RNA?

    <p>A single-stranded polymer made up of nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transporting amino acids to the ribosome in the correct order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about protein synthesis is correct?

    <p>It converts the genetic code within DNA into functional proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of mitosis?

    <p>Cell growth and repair of damaged tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about meiosis is correct?

    <p>It produces four genetically diverse daughter cells with half the chromosome number of the parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between anaphase in mitosis and meiosis I?

    <p>In mitosis, chromatids separate, while in meiosis I, whole chromosomes separate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

    <p>Producing genetically diverse gametes for sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis II is similar to mitosis?

    <p>All phases of meiosis II are similar to mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>It increases genetic diversity among the produced gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between telophase in mitosis and meiosis I?

    <p>In mitosis, two identical daughter cells are formed, while in meiosis I, two haploid and genetically distinct daughter cells are formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of meiosis in maintaining the chromosome number in species?

    <p>It halves the chromosome number in the daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Mitosis and meiosis are complementary processes that play distinct roles in the life cycle of organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structures are made of DNA and histones?

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) primarily inherited from?

    <p>Maternally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in plant cells?

    <p>Mitochondria and Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Storing and transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the double helix structure of DNA?

    <p>Facilitating accurate DNA replication and information storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in DNA?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process involved in protein synthesis based on the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is mRNA formed?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which RNA type is involved in transporting amino acids to the ribosome?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of RNA compared to DNA?

    <p>Single-stranded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>Assemble amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cell compartment is rRNA located?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA replication?

    <p>To ensure the transmission of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

    <p>To unwind the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction does DNA polymerase add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>3' to 5'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA profiling or DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>To identify individuals based on their unique DNA characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about interpreting DNA profiles is true?

    <p>Interpretation should be approached cautiously due to potential sources of error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of transcription?

    <p>To transfer genetic information from DNA to mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the process of translation?

    <p>mRNA attaches to a ribosome, and tRNA molecules bring amino acids to synthesize a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meiosis?

    <p>To produce gametes with half the number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>To carry specific amino acids and match them to codons on mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

    <p>To introduce genetic variation and produce haploid gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of meiosis contributes to genetic variation?

    <p>Crossing over during Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Production of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when an abnormal gamete with 24 chromosomes fuses with a normal gamete with 23 chromosomes in humans?

    <p>A zygote with 47 chromosomes, leading to Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Mitosis involves one division, while meiosis involves two divisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis I do homologous chromosomes pair up?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the chromosome number differ between the parent cell and daughter cells in mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>In mitosis, the chromosome number remains constant, while in meiosis, it is halved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>To increase genetic diversity among the gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of meiosis I in terms of daughter cells?

    <p>Two genetically different haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis II resembles mitosis?

    <p>All phases of meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Growth and repair of somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis is similar to metaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of meiosis in terms of genetic diversity?

    <p>Genetically diverse gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Meiosis is a specialized form of mitosis for gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Plays a role in energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, where can chloroplast DNA be found?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelle is responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy in plants?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chromosomes composed of?

    <p>DNA and histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a short RNA primer during DNA replication?

    <p>Primerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, in which direction do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ligase enzymes in DNA replication termination?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process helps ensure the fidelity of DNA replication by correcting errors or mismatches in base pairing?

    <p>Proofreading and Repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does DNA replication play in cell growth and division?

    <p>Supporting cellular function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA replication?

    <p>To ensure the continuity of genetic information during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure of DNA?

    <p>DNA is a double helix composed of two strands of nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the nitrogenous bases in DNA?

    <p>To encode genetic information through their specific sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of protein synthesis that occurs in the nucleus?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, what is the function of tRNA molecules in the cytoplasm?

    <p>Carrying amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during telophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Chromosomes split into two sets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location for meiosis in plants?

    <p>Anthers and ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of meiosis in terms of chromosome maintenance?

    <p>To reduce chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell?

    <p>To carry the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>To deliver the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome in the correct order specified by the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily located within the cell?

    <p>Within the ribosomes in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA profiling or DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>To identify crime suspects by comparing DNA samples from crime scenes with those from suspects or databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the structure of RNA?

    <p>RNA is a polymer made up of nucleotides consisting of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>To introduce genetic variation in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>The production of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Mitosis maintains the chromosome number, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>The production of haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis II is similar to mitosis?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the daughter cells produced in mitosis and those produced in meiosis?

    <p>Daughter cells in mitosis are genetically identical, while those in meiosis are genetically different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of mitosis in the life cycle of organisms?

    <p>Mitosis ensures growth and maintenance of multicellular organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between metaphase in mitosis and metaphase I in meiosis?

    <p>In mitosis, homologous chromosomes pair up, while in meiosis I, individual chromosomes align on the equator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>It increases genetic variability among gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis II resembles mitosis for haploid cells?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of meiosis with regard to genetic diversity?

    <p>Generation of varied combinations of genes among gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of meiosis is the chromosome number halved?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes significantly to genetic variability among produced gametes during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over during prophase I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do daughter cells produced in mitosis compare to those produced in meiosis?

    <p>Daughter cells from mitosis are identical while those from meiosis are not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelle contains DNA responsible for energy production within the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Plays a role in photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is made of DNA and proteins, organizing and compacting the DNA within the cell nucleus?

    <p>Chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transports amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does RNA differ from DNA structurally?

    <p>RNA contains uracil instead of thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules primarily located?

    <p>Within the ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a critical breakthrough that enabled the discovery of DNA's double helix structure?

    <p>The application of X-ray diffraction techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carries the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the specific base pairing between nitrogenous bases in DNA?

    <p>It ensures accurate copying during DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell?

    <p>To carry instructions for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meiosis in the cell cycle?

    <p>Reducing the chromosome number in gametes for sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA polymerase in protein synthesis?

    <p>Adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does mRNA exit from after transcription in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme facilitates the unwinding of the DNA double helix during the initiation step of DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA polymerase enzymes during DNA replication?

    <p>To add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction does DNA replication occur?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of DNA replication?

    <p>To conserve genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about interpreting DNA profiles is correct?

    <p>Interpretation should be approached cautiously due to potential errors and non-unique DNA regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between meiosis and mitosis?

    <p>Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells, while mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Down Syndrome?

    <p>Non-disjunction during meiosis, leading to an extra copy of chromosome 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

    <p>Producing gametes with a haploid chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process during meiosis contributes to genetic variation in offspring?

    <p>Random assortment of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis are whole chromosomes pulled to poles?

    <p>Metaphase in meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between metaphase in mitosis and metaphase I in meiosis?

    <p>In meiosis I, homologous chromosome pairs line up on the equator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the second division in meiosis (Meiosis II) for haploid cells?

    <p>Results in two haploid daughter cells that are not identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Meiosis?

    <p>Genetic diversity and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase results in two haploid daughter cells that are not identical in meiosis I?

    <p>Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes significantly to genetic variability among produced gametes during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over and halving of chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase is responsible for ensuring that end products are haploid but genetically varied in Meiosis II?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Homologous chromosomes pair up' is a characteristic feature of which phase?

    <p>'Prophase' in meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Karyokinesis and cytokinesis occur twice' is specific to which process?

    <p>'Mitosis'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the cell?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelles, in addition to the nucleus, contain DNA?

    <p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chromosomes primarily made of?

    <p>Proteins and nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer for DNA polymerases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication in terms of genetic diversity?

    <p>Contributes to genetic diversity through mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication termination?

    <p>Ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of DNA profiling or DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>Identifying individuals based on unique DNA characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do DNA polymerases contribute to the fidelity of DNA replication?

    <p>Proofreading errors and mismatches in base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is mRNA formed?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of rRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Facilitating protein synthesis in ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes RNA different from DNA in terms of structure?

    <p>RNA is single-stranded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Delivering amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the nitrogenous bases in the DNA double helix?

    <p>Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA replication?

    <p>To ensure the continuity of genetic information during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the process of protein synthesis?

    <p>To carry the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes for translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

    <p>To produce gametes with a haploid number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>The production of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>It introduces genetic variation by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells, while meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of meiosis with regard to genetic diversity?

    <p>The introduction of genetic variation through crossing over and random assortment of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mRNA during the translation stage of protein synthesis?

    <p>To decode the sequence of nucleotides into a polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tRNA during protein synthesis?

    <p>To carry amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the first meiotic division (Meiosis I)?

    <p>The chromosome number is halved, and two haploid cells are produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>To increase genetic diversity in the offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>The chromosome number is halved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis II resembles mitosis?

    <p>All phases of meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of meiosis in maintaining the chromosome number in species?

    <p>Halving the chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis are whole chromosomes pulled to poles?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meiosis in the cell cycle?

    <p>Production of gametes for sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do daughter cells produced in mitosis compare to those produced in meiosis?

    <p>Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces genetically diverse daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about meiosis is correct?

    <p>It halves the chromosome number in daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication in terms of genetic diversity?

    <p>It maintains the same genetic information in daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains DNA responsible for energy production within the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structures are made of DNA and proteins called histones?

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within a cell?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Storing and transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds the two strands of DNA together in the double helix structure?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication?

    <p>It ensures continuity of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine in DNA?

    <p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme facilitates the unwinding of the DNA double helix during replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a short RNA primer necessary for initiating DNA strand synthesis?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction in which DNA polymerases add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, creating a continuous double-stranded DNA molecule during replication?

    <p>Ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of proofreading abilities in DNA polymerases during replication?

    <p>Minimizing mismatch errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is mRNA formed within the cell?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of RNA plays a critical role in the structure and function of ribosomes?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying genetic code from DNA to cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do the centromeres divide and the spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids toward opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of meiosis in the cell cycle?

    <p>Introduction of genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence can result from non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Generation of gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material at chiasmata during meiosis?

    <p>Formation of genetically unique chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the final outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Offspring have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of transcription in protein synthesis?

    <p>To transfer genetic information from DNA to mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, what happens when a tRNA's anticodon matches a codon on the mRNA?

    <p>An amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of homologous chromosomes aligning during meiosis?

    <p>To increase genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of meiosis does the cell split into two through cytokinesis?

    <p>Telophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of the second meiotic division (Meiosis II)?

    <p>Halving of the chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of the resulting daughter cells?

    <p>Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces genetically diverse daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of meiosis in the life cycle of organisms?

    <p>Reduction of chromosome number and production of gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the chromosome arrangement differ between metaphase in mitosis and metaphase I in meiosis?

    <p>In mitosis, individual chromosomes line up on the equator, while in meiosis I, homologous chromosome pairs line up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mitosis in the life cycle of organisms?

    <p>Growth and maintenance of somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the chromosome number change during meiosis compared to mitosis?

    <p>The chromosome number is halved in meiosis but remains constant in mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of meiosis II for the haploid daughter cells produced in meiosis I?

    <p>Meiosis II produces four genetically varied haploid daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis occur in animals to produce gametes?

    <p>In the sex organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>It increases genetic variability among the produced gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

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