Gr 12 Life Sciences June Exam P2 (Hard)
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Questions and Answers

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Cytoplasm

    • Which cellular organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Nucleus
  • Chloroplasts (correct)
  • Golgi Apparatus

    • What role does mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) play in a cell?

  • Protein synthesis
  • Energy production (correct)
  • Cellular respiration
  • Regulating cell division

    • Which type of DNA is responsible for carrying the majority of genetic information in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Chromosomal DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Organize and compact DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix in the initiation step of DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the function of primase?

    <p>Synthesizes a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, which direction do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

    <p>Joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main significance of DNA replication in terms of genetic diversity?

    <p>Contributes to genetic variations within populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can introduce errors in interpreting DNA profiles?

    <p>Differences in profiling methods between laboratories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes DNA profiling a powerful tool for identification purposes?

    <p>'Fingerprinting' individuals based on unique DNA characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of the daughter cells produced by mitosis?

    <p>Genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process does crossing over occur?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference in chromosome behavior during anaphase of mitosis compared to meiosis I?

    <p>Pulling of whole chromosomes to poles in meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of mitosis do individual chromosomes line up on the equator?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to the formation of haploid daughter cells that are genetically varied?

    <p>Meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the process of crossing over play in the life cycle of organisms?

    <p>Leads to genetic diversity among produced gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, which of the following correctly describes the pairing of RNA nucleotides with DNA bases?

    <p>Adenine pairs with thymine, cytosine with guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In meiosis, during which phase do homologous chromosomes align at the cell equator?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of protein synthesis involves the ribosome moving along the mRNA as tRNAs bring appropriate amino acids to form a polypeptide chain?

    <p>Elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

    <p>Generate genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule serves as a template for mRNA synthesis during transcription?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

    <p>Increases genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cell is responsible for exiting the newly formed mRNA strand during transcription?

    <p>Nuclear Pore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of tRNA molecules during translation?

    <p>Carry amino acids to ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary use of DNA profiling?

    <p>Determining the ancestry of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the structure of RNA is INCORRECT?

    <p>RNA forms a double-helix structure similar to DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>To transport amino acids to the ribosome in the correct order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of protein synthesis involves the conversion of the genetic code in DNA into an mRNA molecule?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant ethical concern associated with the use of DNA profiling?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the ribosome is primarily responsible for its structural integrity and function?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of protein synthesis, what is the primary function of ribosomes?

    <p>To serve as the site for translation of mRNA into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding DNA profiling is INCORRECT?

    <p>It is limited in its ability to identify deceased individuals in mass casualty events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>To serve as a template for the synthesis of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of non-disjunction in meiosis?

    <p>Leads to the failure of chromosomes to separate correctly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation?

    <p>By introducing genetic diversity through crossing over and random assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes Telophase II of meiosis?

    <p>Nuclear envelopes reform around chromosomes at poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

    <p>To reduce the number of chromosomes by half in gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which error in meiosis can lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes?

    <p>Non-disjunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what phase of meiosis do centromeres divide, and spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of reducing the chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>To maintain a constant chromosome number across generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>To exchange genetic material between homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>The number of daughter cells produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the collaborative effort that led to the discovery of DNA's double helix structure?

    <p>Franklin and Wilkins provided crucial X-ray diffraction data, which Watson and Crick utilized to propose the double helix model, although Franklin's contributions were initially underrecognized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in the DNA double helix?

    <p>Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine through hydrogen bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins, but information cannot flow from proteins back to RNA or DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of DNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>DNA is first transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the significance of DNA replication?

    <p>DNA replication ensures the continuity of genetic information from one generation to the next, allowing for the growth, development, and maintenance of living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the timing and location of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and takes place in the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure of DNA?

    <p>DNA is a double helix structure composed of two strands of nucleotides that coil around each other, held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the regulation of gene expression by DNA?

    <p>DNA contains regulatory regions that control the expression of genes, determining when, where, and how much protein is produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of DNA in heredity and the transmission of genetic information?

    <p>DNA is responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information necessary for the development, functioning, and reproduction of living organisms, ensuring the continuity of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between DNA and cellular organelles?

    <p>In addition to the nucleus, DNA can be found in mitochondria and chloroplasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>To organize and compact DNA within the nucleus, allowing it to fit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the significance of DNA replication?

    <p>It ensures the accurate transmission of genetic information during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

    <p>To encode proteins essential for energy production within the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

    <p>To join the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>Storing and transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replication most closely associated with?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the complementarity between nitrogenous bases in DNA?

    <p>It facilitates accurate DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is essential for the process of DNA replication?

    <p>Polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of regulatory regions in DNA?

    <p>Controlling gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of non-disjunction in meiosis?

    <p>Results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material at chiasmata?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from non-disjunction in humans involving chromosome pair 21?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage does the spindle fibers pull sister chromatids (now individual chromosomes) toward opposite poles in meiosis?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of maintaining chromosome number through meiosis?

    <p>Maintains constant chromosome number from generation to generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process contributes to genetic diversity by aligning chromosomes randomly at the equator before separation?

    <p>Random Assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Abnormal chromosome number in resulting gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the nuclear envelope reform around chromosomes at each pole in meiosis?

    <p>Telophase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens as a result of centromeres dividing and spindle fibers pulling sister chromatids apart during meiosis?

    <p>Production of genetically unique haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material at chiasmata during meiosis?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of histones in relation to DNA during protein synthesis?

    <p>Assisting in DNA unwinding during transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, if a tRNA binds to the wrong codon on the mRNA, this error can lead to:

    <p>Production of a completely different protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In meiosis, what would happen if homologous chromosomes failed to align at the cell equator during Metaphase I?

    <p>Production of identical gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of DNA replication in maintaining genetic diversity within a species?

    <p>Allowing for recombination and shuffling of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a mistake occurs during the elongation phase of protein synthesis, which of the following outcomes is most likely?

    <p>Improper folding of the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the consequence if a stop codon is mutated to code for an amino acid instead of signaling translation termination?

    <p>Formation of a truncated protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the process of crossing over contribute to genetic diversity during meiosis?

    <p>Creates unique combinations of alleles on chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of protein synthesis does mRNA exit the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm for further processing?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of protein syntheis involves the attachment of mRNA to a ribosome for decoding?

    <p>Please ignore spelling error in this option.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of genetic variation?

    <p>Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis generates genetically diverse daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis I does the pairing and alignment of homologous chromosomes occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>It introduces genetic variation in the resulting gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the behavior of chromosomes during Anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of the reduction in chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>It prevents the doubling of chromosome number in offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of Telophase II in meiosis?

    <p>It results in the formation of four haploid daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the ethical considerations surrounding DNA profiling?

    <p>Accessibility issues due to high costs and privacy concerns related to revealing sensitive genetic information are significant ethical factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) within the cell?

    <p>Facilitating the assembly of amino acids into proteins by forming a structural component of ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the process of transcription in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transcription is the process of converting the genetic code from DNA into mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA profiling, what is a significant limitation that can impact the interpretation of results?

    <p>Limited DNA sections available for profiling due to sample degradation or contamination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the process of protein synthesis?

    <p>Interpreting the genetic code carried by mRNA and delivering the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the significance of DNA replication in terms of genetic diversity?

    <p>Errors that occur during DNA replication are the primary source of genetic diversity within populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins, but not in the reverse direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA profiling, which of the following is NOT a primary use or application?

    <p>Determining the evolutionary relationships between different species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the translation stage of protein synthesis, which of the following accurately describes the role of the ribosome?

    <p>The ribosome moves along the mRNA, facilitating the addition of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the collaborative effort that led to the discovery of DNA's double helix structure?

    <p>Watson and Crick built upon the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, who provided crucial X-ray diffraction data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA polymerase enzymes during the elongation step of DNA replication?

    <p>To add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand in a 5' to 3' direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for joining the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during the termination step of DNA replication?

    <p>DNA ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of proofreading and repair mechanisms during DNA replication?

    <p>They ensure the fidelity of DNA replication by correcting errors or mismatches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the significance of DNA replication in terms of genetic variation?

    <p>Errors that occur during DNA replication can lead to mutations, contributing to genetic diversity within populations and evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the short RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases to initiate DNA strand synthesis?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of helicase enzymes during the initiation step of DNA replication?

    <p>To unwind the DNA double helix and separate the two strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the interpretation of DNA profiles in DNA profiling?

    <p>The comparison focuses on the spacing, thickness, and intensity of the bands, and a match between the majority of bands suggests they are from the same source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes DNA profiling a powerful tool for identification purposes?

    <p>Each person, barring identical twins, possesses a distinct DNA profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can introduce errors in interpreting DNA profiles?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the elongation step of DNA replication, what determines the sequence of nucleotides added to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>The sequence of nucleotides in the original DNA template strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains DNA responsible for energy production within the cell?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Energy Production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Along with the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule plays a central role in genetic inheritance and cellular metabolism?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure organizes and compacts DNA to fit within the cell nucleus?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ligase enzymes play in the process of DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the function of primase?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the fidelity provided by DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

    <p>Ensuring an exact copy of DNA in each new cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of DNA profiling?

    <p>Identifying individuals based on unique DNA characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is facilitated by ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing RNA primers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helicases in the initiation step of DNA replication?

    <p>Unwinding the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA profiling, what is the main purpose of comparing bands between evidence and reference samples?

    <p>Determining if they are from the same source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosome pairs line up on the equator?

    <p>Metaphase in Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the daughter cells produced by mitosis and those produced by meiosis?

    <p>Daughter cells from mitosis are genetically identical, while those from meiosis are not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of crossing over in meiosis?

    <p>To increase genetic variability among the produced gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis involves the pulling of whole chromosomes to poles?

    <p>Anaphase in Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the second division of meiosis (Meiosis II) in terms of the end products?

    <p>The end products are haploid but genetically varied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the behavior of chromosomes in Anaphase I of meiosis differ from that in Anaphase of mitosis?

    <p>Whole chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles in Anaphase I of meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis?

    <p>Production of gametes with an extra copy of chromosome 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During meiosis, what occurs if sister chromatids fail to separate correctly during Anaphase II?

    <p>Generation of gametes with an abnormal chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiotic division involves the random alignment of chromosomes at the equator before separation?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>Creation of new combinations of genes on each chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, what genetic condition can result from non-disjunction affecting chromosome pair 21?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of halving the chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>Maintains a constant chromosome number from one generation to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA profiling in forensic investigations?

    <p>To identify individuals by comparing DNA samples from crime scenes with suspects or databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the process of protein synthesis?

    <p>To carry the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant ethical concern associated with the use of DNA profiling?

    <p>The revelation of sensitive information like HIV status or genetic abnormalities, leading to discrimination or insurance denial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of DNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>DNA encodes the instructions for the sequence of amino acids in proteins, which are carried by mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the process of protein synthesis?

    <p>To transport amino acids to the ribosome and ensure their correct order during protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the elongation step of DNA replication, what determines the sequence of nucleotides added to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>The complementary base pairing rules between the template strand and the incoming nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of proofreading and repair mechanisms during DNA replication?

    <p>To ensure the accurate transmission of genetic information to daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) within the cell?

    <p>To provide structural support and facilitate the assembly of amino acids into proteins within ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

    <p>To join the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during the termination step of replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can introduce errors in interpreting DNA profiles?

    <p>The potential for misinterpretation or laboratory inconsistencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force that holds the two strands of the DNA double helix together?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between the complementary nitrogenous base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an error occurs during the alignment of homologous chromosomes at the metaphase plate in Metaphase I of meiosis, what would be the potential consequence?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide in DNA?

    <p>Ribose sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, which molecule serves as the template for the synthesis of mRNA during transcription?

    <p>The antisense strand of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the regulatory regions in DNA?

    <p>To control the expression of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tRNA molecules during the translation stage of protein synthesis?

    <p>To transport specific amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what determines the sequence of nucleotides added to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>The sequence of nucleotides in the original DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a point mutation occurs during the elongation phase of translation, resulting in the incorporation of an incorrect amino acid, what would be the most likely outcome?

    <p>The protein would be functional, but with a significantly altered structure and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA ligase in the process of DNA replication?

    <p>To join the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the significance of DNA replication in terms of genetic variation?

    <p>DNA replication ensures the faithful transmission of genetic information without variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the significance of DNA replication in terms of genetic variation?

    <p>DNA replication ensures the faithful transmission of genetic information without variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA profiling, what is a significant limitation that can impact the interpretation of results?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

    <p>To encode for proteins involved in cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes align at the cell equator?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>Increasing genetic diversity in the resulting gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the process of transcription in protein synthesis?

    <p>DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which carries the genetic information to ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If non-disjunction occurs in humans involving chromosome pair 21, what would be the potential consequence?

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the process of protein synthesis?

    <p>To carry amino acids to the ribosome and decode the mRNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between DNA, chromosomes, and the cell nucleus?

    <p>DNA is found exclusively in the nucleus, where it forms chromosomes made up of DNA and proteins called histones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To play a critical role in energy production within the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the process of transcription, which of the following molecules serves as the template for the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>Information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins, but not in the reverse direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplast DNA in plant cells?

    <p>To control the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of DNA ligase enzymes in the process of DNA replication?

    <p>They catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, joining the newly synthesized DNA strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) within the cell?

    <p>Plays a critical role in the structure and function of ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is transfer RNA (tRNA) primarily found within the cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between DNA and RNA in terms of their structure?

    <p>RNA contains uracil instead of thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Translates the genetic code from DNA to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule serves as the template for protein synthesis by carrying the genetic code?

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of DNA profiling mentioned in the text?

    <p>Misinterpretation and laboratory inconsistencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do ribosomes, containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA), play a crucial role in protein synthesis?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between the daughter cells produced by mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Daughter cells in mitosis have a doubled chromosome number, while daughter cells in meiosis have a halved chromosome number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the alignment of chromosomes in metaphase between mitosis and meiosis I?

    <p>Individual chromosomes align in mitosis, while homologous chromosome pairs align in meiosis I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of genetic recombination during meiosis?

    <p>Genetic recombination increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of chromosome behavior during anaphase of mitosis compared to meiosis I?

    <p>In mitosis, centromeres split and chromatids move to poles, while in meiosis I, whole chromosomes are pulled to poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the second division in meiosis (Meiosis II) resemble?

    <p>Mitosis for haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of protein synthesis involves the attachment of tRNA to mRNA for decoding?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carries specific amino acids and has an anticodon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Transcription, which process involves DNA unzipping and the formation of a single-stranded mRNA molecule?

    <p>mRNA Formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Meiosis I, what occurs during Prophase I that enhances genetic diversity?

    <p>Crossing over of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a ribosome during protein synthesis?

    <p>Decoding mRNA to synthesize a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis involves the reduction of chromosome number by half?

    <p>Telophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Meiosis in cell division?

    <p>To maintain a constant chromosome number in species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Translation in protein synthesis, what is the significance of the stop codon on mRNA?

    <p>Signals the end of translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during Elongation in translation stage of protein synthesis?

    <p>Adding amino acids in sequence to form a polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason behind the alignment of homologous chromosomes at the cell equator during Metaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>To increase genetic diversity by random assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA helicases during DNA replication?

    <p>Unwinding the double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>It can result in offspring with an abnormal number of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to maintaining a constant chromosome number from one generation to the next?

    <p>By halving the chromosome number during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis involves the division of centromeres and separation of sister chromatids?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does crossing over during meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?

    <p>By enabling the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Abnormal chromosome numbers in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is maternal age a significant factor in the occurrence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Older mothers have a higher risk of errors during chromosome separation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis are chromosomes still consisting of two chromatids aligned at the equator?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does random assortment play in generating genetic diversity during meiosis?

    <p>It leads to gametes with different combinations of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Non-disjunction' during meiosis specifically affects which stage of cell division?

    <p>'Anaphase II'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key step in the process of DNA replication?

    <p>Transcription, where mRNA molecules are synthesized from the DNA template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases, allowing the DNA strands to separate during initiation?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of DNA replication, which of the following statements accurately describes the role of primase?

    <p>It synthesizes the RNA primers necessary for DNA polymerases to initiate DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the elongation step of DNA replication, in which direction do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the significance of DNA replication in terms of genetic variation?

    <p>Errors that occur during DNA replication can lead to mutations, which contribute to genetic diversity within populations and evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for joining the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during the termination step of DNA replication?

    <p>Ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA polymerases in the process of DNA replication?

    <p>To add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand in a 5' to 3' direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the significance of proofreading and repair mechanisms during DNA replication?

    <p>They help ensure the fidelity of DNA replication by correcting any errors or mismatches in base pairing, minimizing mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA profiling, which of the following factors can introduce errors in interpreting DNA profiles?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of DNA replication in terms of conservation of genetic information?

    <p>It ensures that each new cell receives an exact copy of the DNA, maintaining genetic integrity and continuity across generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of DNA is essential for the accurate copying of genetic information during cell division?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA replication, what is the primary function of DNA ligase?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During protein synthesis, what is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA)?

    <p>Carrying amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event occurs in Telophase II of meiosis?

    <p>Nuclear envelopes reform around chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of complementary base pairing in DNA?

    <p>It allows for accurate DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for initiating the DNA strand synthesis by adding a short RNA primer?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Packaging DNA into chromatin structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process ensures that each new cell receives a complete set of DNA following cell division?

    <p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

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