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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of IL-10 produced by Th1 cells?
Which cell type is primarily activated in response to Th2 cells?
During CTL-mediated killing, which of the following steps is essential for forming a conjugate between CTLs and target cells?
What characterizes T cell exhaustion?
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Which mechanism is NOT involved in CTL-mediated killing of target cells?
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Which type of cancer is NOT typically treated with interferon?
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What is the primary route of administration for aldesleukin in cancer care?
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Which side effect is specifically associated with aldesleukin?
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What is the general frequency of interferon administration for most patients?
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What role do Janus kinases (JAKs) play in cytokine signaling?
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Which of the following diseases can be treated with JAK antagonists?
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CD4+ T cells primarily recognize antigens from which type of microorganisms?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the administration of interferon?
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What type of signaling is primarily involved with cytokine receptors of the type I and type II families?
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What is the biological action of IL-2 in relation to T cells?
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What is one of the primary roles of CD8+ T cells?
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Which of the following symptoms is common for both interferon and aldesleukin treatments?
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How does Rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor) affect T cell proliferation?
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What type of receptors share identical or highly homologous subunit chains among cytokines?
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What is the primary function of the IL-2 receptor upon T cell activation?
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Which statement accurately describes the nature of interferon?
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What is the primary function of IFN-γ produced by Th1 cells?
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Which of the following receptors is associated with Th2 cells?
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What is a result of Th1 cells promoting specific IgG subclasses in B cells?
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Which cytokine inhibits the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th2 and Th17 subsets?
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What role do chemokines produced by Th1 cells play in the immune response?
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Which of the following describes the action of Th17 cells?
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What is the effect of Th1 cell-produced TNF on the immune response?
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Which statement correctly describes the role of P and E selectins in the immune response?
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Study Notes
Cytokine Receptors
- Groups of cytokine receptors share similar subunit chains.
The TNF Receptor
- The TNF receptor signaling pathway involves a series of kinases.
JAK-STAT Pathway
- Type I and type II cytokine receptors activate the JAK-STAT pathway.
- JAKs are non-receptor tyrosine kinases.
- STATs are transcription factors.
- Small molecule JAK antagonists are used to treat leukemia and inflammatory diseases.
- Small molecule immunosuppressants target T cell proliferation.
Regulation of IL-2 Receptor Expression
- The expression level of the IL-2 receptor is regulated by the amount of antigen present.
Biologic Actions of IL-2
- IL-2 can act in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner.
Interferon
- Interferon is used for various types of cancer including kidney cancer (renal cell cancer), melanoma, multiple myeloma, and some types of leukemia.
Interleukin 2
- Aldesleukin is another name for IL-2.
- IL-2 is most often used to treat kidney cancer.
- Side effects can include: a drop in blood cells, flu-like symptoms, diarrhea, tiredness and weakness, feeling sick, loss of appetite, and low blood pressure.
T Cell Differentiation
- CD4+ (helper) T cells and CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cell populations differentiate into effector T cells.
Role of T Cells in Eradicating Infections
- CD4+ T cells recognize antigens of phagocytosed and extracellular microbes, producing cytokines that activate phagocytes to kill microbes.
- CD8+ T cells can also secrete some cytokines and participate in similar reactions.
- CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize antigens of microbes residing in the cytoplasm of infected cells and kill the cells.
Steps in CD4+ T Cell-mediated Immune Responses
- CD4+ T cells must be activated to kill pathogens.
Subsets of CD4+ Effector T Cells
- Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tfh cells are all subsets of CD4+ T cells.
- Each type of CD4+ T cell has different functions.
Development of Subsets of CD4+ Effector T Cells
- Th1 cells are stimulated by IL-12 and IFN-gamma.
- Th2 cells are stimulated by IL-4.
- Th17 cells are stimulated by IL-6 and TGF-beta.
Functions of Th1 Cells
- Th1 cells produce IFN-gamma, TNF, and IL-10.
- IFN-gamma activates macrophages, promotes the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to the Th1 subset, and inhibits the development of Th2 and Th17 cells.
- TNF contributes to leukocyte recruitment and inflammation.
- IL-10 suppresses Th1 activation.
Macrophage Activation by Th1 Cells
- IFN-gamma activates macrophages to kill intracellular microbes.
Functions of Th2 Cells
- Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
- IL-4 promotes the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to the Th2 subset.
- IL-5 activates eosinophils.
- IL-13 contributes to tissue repair and fibrosis.
Functions of Th17 Cells
- Th17 cells produce IL-17, IL-21, and IL-22.
- IL-17 and IL-22 promote the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection.
- IL-17 and IL-22 contribute to the inflammation associated with autoimmune diseases.
Induction and Effector Phases of CD8+ T Cell Responses
- The induction and effector phases of CD8+ T cell responses require the presence of antigen and helper T cells.
Role of Helper T Cells in the Differentiation of CD8+ T Lymphocytes
- CD4+ Helper T cells provide signals that promote the differentiation of CD8+ T cells into CTLs.
Inhibition of CD8+ T Cell Responses: T Cell Exhaustion
- T cell exhaustion can occur during chronic infections or cancer, resulting in the suppression of CD8+ T cell function.
Steps in CTL-mediated Lysis of Target Cells
- CTLs recognize and kill target cells using a variety of mechanisms.
Formation of Conjugates Between CTLs and Target Cells
- CTLs form conjugates with target cells, allowing for the delivery of cytotoxic molecules.
Mechanisms of CTL-mediated Killing of Target Cells
- CTLs kill target cells through the release of cytotoxic granules, interaction with Fas receptor, and the induction of apoptosis.
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Description
This quiz explores the various types of cytokine receptors, their signaling pathways such as JAK-STAT, and the biological actions of IL-2. It also covers the TNF receptor, regulation of IL-2 expression, and the use of interferons in cancer treatment. Test your knowledge on these critical components of immunology and their therapeutic implications.
