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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of IL-10 produced by Th1 cells?
Which type of T cell is most directly involved in the clearance of intracellular pathogens?
What is a characteristic feature of T cell exhaustion?
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for killing target cells by CTLs?
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What role do Th17 cells play during an immune response?
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Which types of cancer is interferon NOT typically used to treat?
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What is a common method of administering aldesleukin?
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Which side effect is NOT associated with interferon or aldesleukin?
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What is the primary role of CD4+ T cells?
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Which of the following symptoms is specifically caused by aldesleukin?
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Which description best characterizes CD8+ T cells?
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How frequently do most people receive interferon?
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Which of the following is true about the administration of interferon?
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What mechanism do type I and type II cytokine receptors primarily utilize for signal transduction?
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Which of the following is a therapeutic use of small molecule JAK antagonists?
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Which cytokine is specifically mentioned as triggering T cell proliferation?
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Which type of signaling refers to a cytokine affecting the same cell that secreted it?
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What type of inhibitor is rapamycin classified as?
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What is one of the main biological actions of IL-2?
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How do cytokine receptors typically share their structural components?
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What is another name for interferon mentioned in the content?
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What is the primary role of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)?
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Which of the following cytokines is primarily associated with the activation of macrophages?
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What effect does IFN-γ have on the differentiation of CD4+ T cells?
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Which T cell subset is primarily responsible for enhancing inflammation and recruiting leukocytes?
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How does IFN-γ influence B cell antibody isotype switching?
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Which chemokine receptor is associated with Th1 effector T cells?
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Which cell type does IFN-γ primarily act upon to stimulate enhanced antigen presentation?
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The presence of which chemokine receptor is indicative of T cells in mucosal tissues?
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Study Notes
Cytokine Receptors
- Groups of cytokine receptors share identical or highly homologous subunit chains
- TNF receptor signaling pathway is highly conserved
- JAK-STAT signaling is used by type 1 and type 2 receptor families
- Small molecule JAK antagonists are used to treat acute myeloid leukemia and chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis
T Cells
- Cytokines such as IL-2 trigger cell proliferation
- Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive small molecule that targets T cell proliferation
- Cytokines can have autocrine, paracrine and endocrine effects
Interleukins
- Interferon alfa or Intron A is used for several different types of cancer including kidney, melanoma, myeloma and types of leukemia
- Aldesleukin, also called Interleukin 2, IL2 or Proleukin is used to treat kidney cancer and is in clinical trials for other cancer types
CD4+ T Cells
- CD4+ T cells recognize antigens of phagocytosed and extracellular microbes
- CD4+ T cells produce cytokines that recruit and activate phagocytes
CD8+ T Cells
- CD8+ T cells can secrete cytokines and participate in immune responses
- CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize antigens of microbes in infected cells and kill the cells
Subsets of CD4+ T Cells
- Different subsets of CD4+ T cells are found in different tissue types
- Th1, Th2 and Th17 cell subsets have different functions
Th1 Cells
- Produce IFN-γ
- Th1 cells promote the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to the Th1 subset and inhibit the development of Th2 and Th17 cells
- IFN-γ enhances antigen presentation and T-cell activation
- Th1 cells produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and promote inflammation
- Th1 cells produce IL-10 that inhibits dendritic cells and macrophages
Th2 Cells
- These cells are important for immunity against helminths and allergies
- Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13
Th17 Cells
- Th17 cells are important for immunity to extracellular bacteria and fungi
- They produce interleukins IL-17, IL-21, and IL-22
CD8+ T Cells
- Helper T cells assist in the differentiation of CD8+ T lymphocytes
- CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize antigens in infected cells and kill the cells
CTL-mediated Killing
- CTLs form conjugates with target cells
- CTLs kill target cells through the release of granzyme and perforin
- CTLs can also induce apoptosis by expressing Fas ligand (FasL)
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Description
Test your knowledge on the roles of cytokine receptors, T cells, and interleukins in the immune response. Explore the functions of specific cytokines, their signaling pathways, and the implications for cancer treatment. This quiz covers crucial concepts in immunology and their therapeutic applications.
