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Questions and Answers
What type of cytokine receptors engage signal transduction pathways that involve Janus kinases (JAKs)?
Which medication is primarily associated with inducing T cell proliferation?
What are the biological actions of IL-2?
Which cancers is interferon commonly used to treat?
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Which of the following is true about the administration of interferon?
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What is a common form of JAK antagonist used in treatment?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IL-2?
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What type of biologic activity is primarily associated with the use of cytokines like IL-2?
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Which category of diseases do small molecule JAK antagonists treat?
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What is the primary function of Janus kinases (JAKs) in cytokine signaling?
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What is the common method of administration for interferon and aldesleukin?
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Which side effect is specifically associated with aldesleukin?
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What type of T cells are primarily responsible for recognizing antigens of intracellular microbes?
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Which cytokine is primarily produced by Th1 cells to activate macrophages?
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Which T cell subset is involved in mucosal immunity?
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What contributes to fatigue as a side effect of interferon and aldesleukin?
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What is a key function of CD4+ T cells in the immune response?
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Which side effect is not typically associated with interferon and aldesleukin?
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Which cell type participates in recognizing antigens of extracellular microbes?
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What is a characteristic of Th17 cells?
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What is the primary function of IFN-γ in the context of T cell differentiation?
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Which subclass of immunoglobulin does IFN-γ promote switching to?
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What role do Th1 cells play in inflammation?
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Which mechanism is primarily employed by Th1 cells to suppress their own activation?
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What type of T cell activation does IFN-γ enhance?
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What inhibitory effect does IFN-γ have on B cells?
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Which cytokine produced by Th1 cells aids in suppressing macrophage and dendritic cell activity?
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What is one characteristic function of Th2 cells?
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Which of the following best describes Th17 cell function?
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Which process is primarily associated with the activation of classic macrophages?
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Study Notes
Cytokine Receptors
- Groups of cytokine receptors share identical or highly homologous subunit chains.
Signaling through the TNF Receptor
- Not mentioned in the text.
JAK-STAT Signaling Induced by Cytokines
- Type I and Type II cytokine receptor families engage in signal transduction pathways involving Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs).
- JAK antagonists are approved for treating acute myeloid leukemia, chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis).
- Immunosuppressive small molecules target T cell proliferation triggered by cytokines like IL-2.
Changes in Surface Molecules After T Cell Activation:
- Not mentioned in the text.
Regulation of IL-2 Receptor Expression
- Not mentioned in the text.
Structure of IL-2 and its Receptors:
- Not mentioned in the text.
Biologic Actions of IL-2
- Autocrine: IL-2 acts on the same cell that produces it.
- Paracrine: IL-2 acts on nearby cells.
- Endocrine: IL-2 acts on distant cells via the bloodstream.
Interferon
- Interferon alfa (Intron A) is used to treat cancers (renal cell cancer, melanoma, multiple myeloma, leukemias).
- Typically administered as subcutaneous injections, sometimes intravenously.
- Most patients receive interferon 3 times a week, others daily.
Interleukin 2 (Aldesleukin, IL2, Proleukin)
- Used primarily for kidney cancer treatment, also in clinical trials for other cancers.
- Often administered subcutaneously, sometimes intravenously.
- Can cause side effects:
- Decreased blood cells (increased risk of infection, bleeding, fatigue, breathlessness).
- Flu-like symptoms, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, appetite loss.
- Low blood pressure.
Role of T Cells in Eradicating Infections
- CD4+ Helper T cells recognize antigens of phagocytosed and extracellular microbes. They produce cytokines that recruit and activate phagocytes to kill microbes.
- CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize antigens of microbes residing in infected cell cytoplasm. They kill infected cells.
Steps in CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
- Not mentioned in the text.
Subsets of CD4+ Effector T Cells:
- Th1: CXCR3/CCR5, P, E selectins, innate immunity tissues.
- Th2: CCR3-4-8, mucosal tissues.
- Th17: CCR6, tissue cells, macrophages.
- Follicular Helper T Cells (Tfh): Th1/Th2, germinal centers.
Development of Subsets of CD4+ Effector T Cells:
- Th1 Cells: IFN-γ, TNF, IL-10.
- Th2 Cells: IL-4, IL-5, IL-13.
- Th17 Cells: IL-17, IL-22, IL-21.
Functions of Th1 Cells:
- IFN-γ activates macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes.
- IFN-γ promotes Th1 differentiation, inhibits Th2 and Th17 development.
- IFN-γ stimulates antigen presentation and T cell activation.
- IFN-γ promotes IgG subclass switching in B cells, inhibits IgE switching.
- Th1 cells produce TNF, chemokines, contributing to leukocyte recruitment and inflammation.
- Th1 cells produce IL-10, suppressing dendritic cells and macrophages, thus inhibiting Th1 activation.
Macrophage Activation by Th1 Cells
- Not mentioned in the text.
Functions of Th2 Cells:
- Promote IgE production by B cells.
- Eosinophil recruitment and activation to fight parasites.
- Promote mucus secretion to trap pathogens and expel them.
Classical and Alternative Macrophage Activation:
- Not mentioned in the text.
Functions of Th17 Cells:
- Recruit neutrophils to inflamed tissues.
- Promote barrier immunity.
- Important in fighting extracellular bacterial and fungal infections.
Induction and Effector Phases of CD8+ T Cell Responses:
- Not mentioned in the text
Role of Helper T Cells in the Differentiation of CD8+ T Lymphocytes:
- Not mentioned in the text
Inhibition of CD8+ T Cell Responses: T Cell Exhaustion
- Not mentioned in the text
Steps in CTL-mediated Lysis Of Target Cells
- Not mentioned in the text
Mechanisms of CTL-mediated Killing of Target Cells:
-
Granule Exocytosis:
- Perforin: Perforin creates pores in the target cell membrane.
- Granzyme B: Granzyme B enters the pores and triggers apoptosis.
-
FasL-Fas Pathway:
- FasL (Fas ligand) on the CTL binds to Fas (Fas receptor) on the target cell.
- This interaction activates the caspase cascade, leading to apoptosis.
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Description
This quiz focuses on cytokine receptors, particularly their structure and signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway. It covers the roles of JAK antagonists in treating various diseases and the biological actions of IL-2. Test your knowledge on these critical components of immune response.
