Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is one of the common routes of administration for interferon and aldesleukin?
Which side effect is specifically associated with aldesleukin?
Which type of T cell mainly recognizes and kills infected cells?
Which of the following cytokines is produced by Th1 cells to activate macrophages?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common symptom associated with the side effects of interferon treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of CD4+ T cells in immune responses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which subset of T cells is primarily involved in mucosal immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the possible consequences of a drop in blood cell count due to interferon treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of interferon and aldesleukin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which receptor is associated with Th1 and Th2 cells for their movement within tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common application of small molecule JAK antagonists?
Signup and view all the answers
Which signaling pathways are involved with type I and type II cytokine receptors?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of IL-2 in T cell proliferation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cancer is most commonly treated with Aldesleukin (IL-2)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the action of interferon in cancer treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
How is interferon typically administered for cancer treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
What general characteristic do groups of cytokine receptors share?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes the signaling pathway associated with the TNF receptor?
Signup and view all the answers
In which way can cytokines like IL-2 act?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect makes Janus kinases (JAKs) significant in cytokine signaling?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of IFN-γ on CD4+ T cell differentiation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cytokine is produced by Th1 cells that primarily suppresses activation of other immune cells?
Signup and view all the answers
How does IFN-γ influence antibody production in B cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does TNF produced by Th1 cells play in immune response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the sufficiency of IFN-γ in T cell activation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary characteristic of Th1 cells compared to Th2 cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about Th2 cells is true?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of T cell responses, what does the term 'exhaustion' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of IL-10 produced by Th1 cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one consequence of IFN-γ not being produced during immune responses?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cytokine Receptor Structure
- Groups of cytokine receptors share identical or highly homologous subunit chains.
TNF Receptor Signaling
- TNF receptors engage signal transduction pathways involving non-receptor tyrosine kinases called Janus kinases (JAKs) and transcription factors called signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs).
JAK-STAT Signaling
- Cytokine receptors of the type I and type II receptor families activate JAK-STAT signaling.
- Small molecule JAK antagonists are approved for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.
- T cell proliferation triggered by cytokines such as IL-2 is targeted by some immunosuppressive small molecules, like rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor).
IL-2 Receptor Expression
- IL-2 Receptor expression is regulated by activation and differentiation of T cells.
- IL-2 receptor consists of three polypeptide chains: α, β, and γ.
IL-2 Biologic Actions
- IL-2 can act on cells via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms.
Interferon
- Interferon (interferon alfa or Intron A) is used to treat different types of cancer like:
- kidney cancer (renal cell cancer)
- melanoma
- multiple myeloma
- some types of leukemia
- Interferon is typically administered subcutaneously or through an intravenous infusion.
Aldesleukin
- Aldesleukin (Interleukin 2, IL2 or Proleukin) is primarily used to treat kidney cancer.
- It is also being explored in clinical trials for other cancers.
Aldesleukin Side Effects
- Aldesleukin can cause a drop in blood cells, leading to an increased risk of infection, bleeding problems, tiredness, and breathlessness.
- It can also induce flu-like symptoms, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, and low blood pressure.
T Cell Role in Infection Eradication
- CD4+ T cells recognize antigens of phagocytosed and extracellular microbes, producing cytokines that recruit and activate phagocytes to kill microbes.
- CD8+ T cells can also secrete cytokines and participate in the killing of microbes.
- CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize antigens of microbes inside infected cells and kill those cells.
CD4+ T Cell Mediated Immune Responses
- CD4+ T cells help activate B cells and macrophages for adaptive immunity.
- They can also directly kill infected cells.
CD4+ Effector T Cell Subsets
- CD4+ T cells differentiate into different effector subsets depending on the microenvironment and stimulating cytokines.
- Th1 Cells: Produce IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, and IL-10.
- Th2 Cells: Produce IL-4, IL5, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-25.
- Th17 Cells: Produce IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-26.
Th1 Cell Functions
- IFN-γ activates macrophages to kill microbes.
- IFN-γ promotes Th1 cell differentiation and inhibits Th2 and Th17 cell development.
- IFN-γ enhances antigen presentation and T cell activation.
- IFN-γ promotes IgG subclass switching in B cells and inhibits IgE switching.
- Th1 cells produce TNF and chemokines, contributing to leukocyte recruitment and inflammation.
- Th1 cells produce IL-10 to suppress Th1 activation.
Macrophage Activation by Th1 Cells
- Th1 cells activate macrophages via IFN-γ and TNF.
- Macrophages kill intracellular microbes and produce inflammatory mediators.
Th2 Cell Functions
- Th2 cells mediate allergic reactions, parasite defense, and tissue repair.
Classical and Alternative Macrophage Activation
- Classical macrophage activation occurs via IFN-γ.
- Alternative macrophage activation occurs via IL-4 or IL-13.
Th17 Cell Functions
- Th17 cells defend against extracellular bacteria and fungi.
- They contribute to autoimmune diseases.
CD8+ T Cell Responses
- CD8+ T cell responses involve antigen recognition, clonal expansion, and differentiation into effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).
- CD8+ T cells can also produce cytokines and participate in the killing of microbes.
Helper T Cell Role in CD8+ T Lymphocyte Differentiation
- CD4+ helper T cells stimulate differentiation of CD8+ T cells into effector CTLs.
CD8+ T Cell Response Inhibition: T Cell Exhaustion
- During chronic infections, CD8+ T cells can become exhausted and lose their ability to kill infected cells.
CTL-mediated Lysis of Target Cells
- CTL-mediated lysis involves a multi-step process leading to target cell death via apoptosis.
CTL-mediated Killing Mechanisms
- CTLs use: - Perforin and granzyme to induce apoptosis in target cells. - FAS/FAS-L interaction to trigger target cell apoptosis. - TNF-α to induce target cell death.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the structures and functions of cytokine receptors, including TNF receptor signaling pathways and the JAK-STAT signaling mechanism. Understand the role of IL-2 receptors and their significance in T cell activation and immunosuppressive therapies. This quiz will challenge your knowledge of cytokine biology and its therapeutic applications.
