Cognitive Psychology Chapter 13 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the availability heuristic?

  • The belief that media coverage influences decision-making.
  • The tendency to ignore base rates when making judgments.
  • A method of reasoning using syllogisms.
  • The assumption that events are more probable if they are easily remembered. (correct)

    • What does base rate refer to?

    The relative proportions of different classes in a population.

    Define belief bias.

    The tendency to think a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable.

    What is a categorical syllogism?

    <p>A syllogism where premises and conclusion describe relationships between categories using statements starting with All, No, or Some.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditional syllogism?

    <p>A syllogism with an 'If...then' statement as the first premise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is confirmation bias?

    <p>The tendency to look for information that confirms our hypothesis while overlooking contradictory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the conjunction rule state?

    <p>The probability of the conjunction of two events cannot be higher than the probability of either event alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is deductive reasoning?

    <p>Reasoning involving syllogisms where conclusions logically follow from premises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dual systems approach?

    <p>The idea that there are two mental systems, one fast and intuitive, the other slow and deliberate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected emotion in decision making?

    <p>Emotion that a person predicts they will feel based on a decision's outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the falsification principle.

    <p>The principle that to test a rule, one must look for situations that could falsify it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the framing effect?

    <p>The influence of how choices are presented on decision making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define heuristic.

    <p>A rule of thumb that offers a best-guess solution to a problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is illusory correlation?

    <p>A perceived correlation between two events that does not actually exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are incidental emotions?

    <p>Emotions not directly caused by the act of decision making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inductive reasoning?

    <p>Reasoning where conclusions are drawn from evidence, suggesting probability rather than certainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the law of large numbers state?

    <p>Larger samples drawn from a population are more representative of that population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mental model in reasoning?

    <p>A specific situation represented in a person's mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define myside bias.

    <p>Confirmation bias where individuals test hypotheses biased toward their opinions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is neuroeconomics?

    <p>An approach that combines psychology, neuroscience, and economics to study decision making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define opt-in procedure.

    <p>A process requiring a person to actively choose a course of action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a permission schema?

    <p>A reasoning framework that states if a person meets condition A, they can perform action B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a premise in syllogisms?

    <p>The initial statements that lead to a conclusion in a syllogism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does reasoning play in decision making?

    <p>It involves cognitive processes that lead to conclusions beyond given information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is representativeness heuristic?

    <p>A judgment of probability based on how much an event resembles a category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is risk aversion?

    <p>The tendency to make decisions that avoid risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is status quo bias?

    <p>The tendency to do nothing when faced with making a decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define stereotype.

    <p>An oversimplified generalization about a group, often focusing on negative traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimatum game?

    <p>A game where a proposer splits money with a responder, who can accept or reject the offer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Wason four-card problem?

    <p>A conditional reasoning task involving four cards to study reasoning mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In inductive reasoning, conclusions follow from

    <p>evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does inductive reasoning play a major role in everyday life?

    <p>Because we make predictions based on observations of past events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the availability heuristic lead to?

    <p>Judgments where easily remembered events are seen as more probable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are illusory correlations and stereotypes related?

    <p>Both are linked to the availability heuristic, making specific relationships more available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of the representativeness heuristic?

    <p>Judgments are made based on how much one event resembles another event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define myside bias.

    <p>The tendency for individuals to evaluate evidence biased toward their views.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does confirmation bias refer to?

    <p>The tendency to search for information that supports a hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected utility theory?

    <p>The idea that people are rational and aim for beneficial outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an opt-out procedure?

    <p>A process requiring a person to take action to avoid something.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define risk-taking strategy.

    <p>A decision-making strategy involving taking risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If Bonnie expects to see her order of medicines tomorrow, what reasoning does she exhibit?

    <p>Inductive Reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Concepts in Judgement, Decision Making, and Reasoning

    • Availability Heuristic: People assess the probability of events based on how easily examples come to mind; more memorable events are perceived as more likely to occur.
    • Base Rate: The frequency of various categories in a given population; neglecting base rates can lead to reasoning errors.
    • Belief Bias: Individuals are prone to deem a syllogism valid if its conclusion aligns with their beliefs, despite logical flaws.
    • Categorical Syllogism: A logical argument structured around premises and a conclusion using universal qualifiers like "All," "No," or "Some."
    • Conditional Syllogism: Composed of two premises leading to a conclusion, with the primary premise typically framed as an "If...then" statement.
    • Confirmation Bias: A tendency to search for information that supports existing beliefs while disregarding contradictory evidence.
    • Conjunction Rule: The probability of two events occurring together cannot exceed the individual probabilities of the events.
    • Deductive Reasoning: Logical reasoning where the conclusion must follow from the given premises.
    • Dual Systems Approach: Proposes two cognitive processes; a fast, intuitive system (System 1) and a slower, more deliberate system (System 2).
    • Expected Emotion: Predicted emotional responses to the outcomes of decisions; often inaccurate predictions can influence decision-making.
    • Falsification Principle: Tests for the validity of rules by seeking evidence that could disprove them.
    • Framing Effect: The way information is presented can alter decisions; gains vs. losses lead to different decision strategies.
    • Heuristic: General strategies or "rules of thumb" used for quick problem-solving, which can sometimes lead to errors.
    • Illusory Correlation: False perception of a relationship between two events when none or a weaker correlation exists.
    • Incidental Emotions: Emotions experienced during decision-making that are not directly related to the decision itself.
    • Inductive Reasoning: Conclusions drawn from evidence, often probabilistic rather than definitive, influenced by the quality and representativeness of observations.
    • Law of Large Numbers: A principle stating that larger sample sizes yield a more accurate representation of the population.
    • Mental Model: Cognitive representation of specific situations that aids in reasoning and understanding.
    • Myside Bias: A form of confirmation bias where individuals bias their hypotheses toward their pre-existing beliefs.
    • Neuroeconomics: Interdisciplinary study combining psychology, neuroscience, and economics to analyze decision-making processes.
    • Opt-in Procedure: Requires conscious action from individuals to choose a particular option, such as organ donation.
    • Permission Schema: Framework for reasoning that specifies conditions under which certain actions may be undertaken.
    • Premise: The foundational statements in a syllogism that lead to a conclusion.
    • Representativeness Heuristic: Judgement of probability based on how closely an event matches a typical case.
    • Risk Aversion: The tendency to prefer options that minimize risk, often influenced by how potential gains or losses are framed.
    • Status Quo Bias: Preference to maintain current conditions and avoid change, often leading to inaction during decision-making.
    • Stereotype: Simplified generalizations about a group that often emphasize negative traits; connects with illusory correlations.
    • Ultimatum Game: A study model for decision-making where one party proposes a monetary split, and the other chooses to accept or reject it, highlighting fairness and rational choice.
    • Wason Four-Card Problem: A conditional reasoning task that evaluates understanding of logical statements and the application of the falsification principle.
    • Expected Utility Theory: A rational model suggesting that individuals make decisions to maximize expected outcomes when provided with complete information.

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    Test your understanding of key concepts from Chapter 13 of Cognitive Psychology, focusing on judgment, decision-making, and reasoning. These flashcards cover essential terms such as availability heuristic, base rate, and belief bias, helping you grasp the intricacies of cognitive processes.

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