Questions and Answers
What is the availability heuristic?
What does base rate refer to?
The relative proportions of different classes in a population.
Define belief bias.
The tendency to think a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable.
What is a categorical syllogism?
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What is a conditional syllogism?
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What is confirmation bias?
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What does the conjunction rule state?
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What is deductive reasoning?
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What is the dual systems approach?
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What is expected emotion in decision making?
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Define the falsification principle.
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What is the framing effect?
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Define heuristic.
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What is illusory correlation?
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What are incidental emotions?
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What is inductive reasoning?
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What does the law of large numbers state?
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What is a mental model in reasoning?
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Define myside bias.
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What is neuroeconomics?
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Define opt-in procedure.
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What is a permission schema?
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What is a premise in syllogisms?
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What role does reasoning play in decision making?
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What is representativeness heuristic?
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What is risk aversion?
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What is status quo bias?
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Define stereotype.
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What is the ultimatum game?
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What is the Wason four-card problem?
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In inductive reasoning, conclusions follow from
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Why does inductive reasoning play a major role in everyday life?
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What does the availability heuristic lead to?
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How are illusory correlations and stereotypes related?
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What is the basis of the representativeness heuristic?
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Define myside bias.
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What does confirmation bias refer to?
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What is expected utility theory?
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What is an opt-out procedure?
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Define risk-taking strategy.
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If Bonnie expects to see her order of medicines tomorrow, what reasoning does she exhibit?
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Judgement, Decision Making, and Reasoning
- Availability Heuristic: People assess the probability of events based on how easily examples come to mind; more memorable events are perceived as more likely to occur.
- Base Rate: The frequency of various categories in a given population; neglecting base rates can lead to reasoning errors.
- Belief Bias: Individuals are prone to deem a syllogism valid if its conclusion aligns with their beliefs, despite logical flaws.
- Categorical Syllogism: A logical argument structured around premises and a conclusion using universal qualifiers like "All," "No," or "Some."
- Conditional Syllogism: Composed of two premises leading to a conclusion, with the primary premise typically framed as an "If...then" statement.
- Confirmation Bias: A tendency to search for information that supports existing beliefs while disregarding contradictory evidence.
- Conjunction Rule: The probability of two events occurring together cannot exceed the individual probabilities of the events.
- Deductive Reasoning: Logical reasoning where the conclusion must follow from the given premises.
- Dual Systems Approach: Proposes two cognitive processes; a fast, intuitive system (System 1) and a slower, more deliberate system (System 2).
- Expected Emotion: Predicted emotional responses to the outcomes of decisions; often inaccurate predictions can influence decision-making.
- Falsification Principle: Tests for the validity of rules by seeking evidence that could disprove them.
- Framing Effect: The way information is presented can alter decisions; gains vs. losses lead to different decision strategies.
- Heuristic: General strategies or "rules of thumb" used for quick problem-solving, which can sometimes lead to errors.
- Illusory Correlation: False perception of a relationship between two events when none or a weaker correlation exists.
- Incidental Emotions: Emotions experienced during decision-making that are not directly related to the decision itself.
- Inductive Reasoning: Conclusions drawn from evidence, often probabilistic rather than definitive, influenced by the quality and representativeness of observations.
- Law of Large Numbers: A principle stating that larger sample sizes yield a more accurate representation of the population.
- Mental Model: Cognitive representation of specific situations that aids in reasoning and understanding.
- Myside Bias: A form of confirmation bias where individuals bias their hypotheses toward their pre-existing beliefs.
- Neuroeconomics: Interdisciplinary study combining psychology, neuroscience, and economics to analyze decision-making processes.
- Opt-in Procedure: Requires conscious action from individuals to choose a particular option, such as organ donation.
- Permission Schema: Framework for reasoning that specifies conditions under which certain actions may be undertaken.
- Premise: The foundational statements in a syllogism that lead to a conclusion.
- Representativeness Heuristic: Judgement of probability based on how closely an event matches a typical case.
- Risk Aversion: The tendency to prefer options that minimize risk, often influenced by how potential gains or losses are framed.
- Status Quo Bias: Preference to maintain current conditions and avoid change, often leading to inaction during decision-making.
- Stereotype: Simplified generalizations about a group that often emphasize negative traits; connects with illusory correlations.
- Ultimatum Game: A study model for decision-making where one party proposes a monetary split, and the other chooses to accept or reject it, highlighting fairness and rational choice.
- Wason Four-Card Problem: A conditional reasoning task that evaluates understanding of logical statements and the application of the falsification principle.
- Expected Utility Theory: A rational model suggesting that individuals make decisions to maximize expected outcomes when provided with complete information.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts from Chapter 13 of Cognitive Psychology, focusing on judgment, decision-making, and reasoning. These flashcards cover essential terms such as availability heuristic, base rate, and belief bias, helping you grasp the intricacies of cognitive processes.