Cognitive Processes: Judgment and Decision Making
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Questions and Answers

What is judgment referred to as in the context of decision-making?

  • The process of making a choice
  • The process of evaluating the quality of a decision
  • The process of drawing conclusions based on observed evidence from prior experiences (correct)
  • The process of estimating the probability of an outcome
  • What type of estimate is involved in many judgments?

  • Probability estimate
  • Normative estimate
  • Frequency estimate (correct)
  • Causal estimate
  • Which of the following is an example of a judgment?

  • Deciding what to wear to a party
  • Evaluating the quality of a restaurant
  • Calculating the probability of a stock market crash
  • Determining whether a car is a good buy (correct)
  • What is the primary function of dual-process models?

    <p>To explain the triggers for skilled intuition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern in confirmation and disconfirmation?

    <p>The confirmation or disconfirmation of a hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between judgment and decision-making?

    <p>Judgment is a component of decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mental shortcut used when judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind?

    <p>Availability Heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assessing a job candidate, what heuristic is used if the judgment is based on how well the candidate resembles the ideal employee?

    <p>Representativeness Heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the strategy of relying on easily assessed information as a proxy for needed information?

    <p>Attribute Substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using the availability heuristic, what is substituted with frequency?

    <p>Speed of coming up with examples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of substitution used in the representativeness heuristic?

    <p>Substituting likelihood with resemblance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the question 'How many times was I late taking the Parkway'?

    <p>Availability Heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why people overestimate the frequency of rare events?

    <p>Because they are more memorable and thus more available in memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of using the Availability Heuristic in medical diagnosis?

    <p>Physicians are more likely to overestimate the likelihood of rare diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Schwarz et al.'s study (1991) demonstrate about the Availability Heuristic?

    <p>That people are more accurate when they recall fewer instances of a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of the error in the Availability Heuristic?

    <p>The tendency to overestimate the frequency of rare events due to their memorability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of examples recalled and the judgment of one's assertiveness?

    <p>Recalling fewer examples leads to a higher judgment of assertiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying assumption of the representativeness heuristic?

    <p>That all members of a category are exactly alike</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of argument is exemplified by the statement 'I have an aunt who smoked for 50 years and runs in marathons'?

    <p>Man who argument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the error in reasoning in the statement 'I know a guy who bought this laptop and it fell apart the next day, so I shouldn't buy it'?

    <p>Assuming that the laptop is a representative sample of the entire category</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gambler's fallacy?

    <p>The belief that a random event is more likely to happen because it has not happened recently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of getting tails on the seventh coin toss if heads have been tossed six times in a row?

    <p>Exactly 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem with the representativeness heuristic?

    <p>It assumes that categories are homogeneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for base-rate neglect when both base-rate and diagnostic information are provided?

    <p>Reliance on the representativeness heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of covariation with a negative relationship?

    <p>Smoking and life expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency to seek out evidence that confirms one's beliefs?

    <p>Confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to dual-process models, what is the alternative to relying on heuristics in human judgment?

    <p>Seeking out more accurate base-rate information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the illusion of detecting a covarying relationship when none exists?

    <p>Superstition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why people sometimes rely on heuristics and other times do not?

    <p>Context-dependent switching between heuristic and systematic thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

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