29 Questions
What is judgment referred to as in the context of decision-making?
The process of drawing conclusions based on observed evidence from prior experiences
What type of estimate is involved in many judgments?
Frequency estimate
Which of the following is an example of a judgment?
Determining whether a car is a good buy
What is the primary function of dual-process models?
To explain the triggers for skilled intuition
What is the primary concern in confirmation and disconfirmation?
The confirmation or disconfirmation of a hypothesis
What is the relationship between judgment and decision-making?
Judgment is a component of decision-making
What is the primary mental shortcut used when judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind?
Availability Heuristic
When assessing a job candidate, what heuristic is used if the judgment is based on how well the candidate resembles the ideal employee?
Representativeness Heuristic
What is the strategy of relying on easily assessed information as a proxy for needed information?
Attribute Substitution
When using the availability heuristic, what is substituted with frequency?
Speed of coming up with examples
What is the type of substitution used in the representativeness heuristic?
Substituting likelihood with resemblance
What is the focus of the question 'How many times was I late taking the Parkway'?
Availability Heuristic
What is the primary reason why people overestimate the frequency of rare events?
Because they are more memorable and thus more available in memory
What is the outcome of using the Availability Heuristic in medical diagnosis?
Physicians are more likely to overestimate the likelihood of rare diseases
What did Schwarz et al.'s study (1991) demonstrate about the Availability Heuristic?
That people are more accurate when they recall fewer instances of a behavior
What is the underlying cause of the error in the Availability Heuristic?
The tendency to overestimate the frequency of rare events due to their memorability
What is the relationship between the number of examples recalled and the judgment of one's assertiveness?
Recalling fewer examples leads to a higher judgment of assertiveness
What is the underlying assumption of the representativeness heuristic?
That all members of a category are exactly alike
What type of argument is exemplified by the statement 'I have an aunt who smoked for 50 years and runs in marathons'?
Man who argument
What is the error in reasoning in the statement 'I know a guy who bought this laptop and it fell apart the next day, so I shouldn't buy it'?
Assuming that the laptop is a representative sample of the entire category
What is the gambler's fallacy?
The belief that a random event is more likely to happen because it has not happened recently
What is the probability of getting tails on the seventh coin toss if heads have been tossed six times in a row?
Exactly 50%
What is the main problem with the representativeness heuristic?
It assumes that categories are homogeneous
What is the primary reason for base-rate neglect when both base-rate and diagnostic information are provided?
Reliance on the representativeness heuristic
What is an example of covariation with a negative relationship?
Smoking and life expectancy
What is the term for the tendency to seek out evidence that confirms one's beliefs?
Confirmation bias
According to dual-process models, what is the alternative to relying on heuristics in human judgment?
Seeking out more accurate base-rate information
What is the term for the illusion of detecting a covarying relationship when none exists?
Superstition
What is the primary reason why people sometimes rely on heuristics and other times do not?
Context-dependent switching between heuristic and systematic thinking
Explore the concepts of judgment, decision making, and cognitive processes. Learn about detecting covariation, dual-process models, triggers for skilled intuition, and more. Test your knowledge of cognitive psychology.
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