Questions and Answers
Who studied classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Classical conditioning occurs when you learn to associate two different ______.
stimuli
Who is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning?
Burrhus Frederic (B.F.) Skinner
Operant conditioning involves changing involuntary behaviors.
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What are intentional actions that have an effect on the surrounding environment called?
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What are responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated?
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What type of responses from the environment increase the probability of a behavior being repeated?
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What term refers to responses that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated?
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Positive reinforcement refers to the addition of something ______.
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Negative reinforcement involves the removal of a ______ consequence to increase the likelihood of a response.
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Positive punishment is the addition of something ______.
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Negative punishment refers to the removal of something ______.
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What term refers to the disappearance of a conditioned response?
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What is the initial increase in a conditioned response when reinforcement is stopped called?
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What term describes the unexpected recurrence of a conditioned response after it has shown extinction?
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What does stimulus generalization refer to?
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Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning pair stimuli.
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Developed by Ivan Pavlov, a method of learning through involuntary responses.
- Involves associating two stimuli, leading to conditioned responses.
- The unconditioned stimulus naturally triggers an unconditioned response without prior learning.
Operant Conditioning
- Pioneered by B.F. Skinner, based on Thorndike's law of effect.
- Involves learning through changes in voluntary behaviors due to consequences.
- Behaviors can be increased through reinforcement or decreased through punishment.
Key Terms in Operant Conditioning
- Operants: Intentional actions that affect the environment.
- Neutral operants: Responses from the environment that do not influence behavior repetition.
- Reinforcers: Environmental responses that increase behavior likelihood; can be positive (addition of a pleasant stimulus) or negative (removal of an unpleasant stimulus).
- Punishers: Responses that decrease the likelihood of behavior recurrence; includes positive punishment (adding undesirable stimulus) and negative punishment (removing pleasing stimulus).
Extinction and Related Phenomena
- Extinction: Disappearance of a conditioned response due to the removal of reinforcement or stimulus pairing.
- Extinction burst: Initial increase in a conditioned response following reinforcement cessation before actual extinction occurs.
- Spontaneous recovery: Reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction, often weakened and short-lived.
- Stimulus generalization: Showing a conditioned response to similar but different stimuli from the conditioned stimulus.
Comparative Learning Processes
- Classical conditioning pairs two stimuli; operant conditioning pairs behavior with response.
- Classical conditioning is concerned with involuntary responses, while operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors.
- Learning in classical conditioning occurs before the response; in operant conditioning, it occurs after the response.
- Different phenomena such as extinction and generalization apply to both conditioning types but manifest distinctively.
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Description
Explore the key differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning with these informative flashcards. Gain insights into the theories of Ivan Pavlov and how involuntary responses are shaped through association of stimuli.
