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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of learning?
What is the definition of learning?
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience.
In Pavlov's original experiment, the bell began as a ______ stimulus and by the end became a ______ stimulus.
In Pavlov's original experiment, the bell began as a ______ stimulus and by the end became a ______ stimulus.
neutral; conditioned
The _____ was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's original experiment.
The _____ was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's original experiment.
bell
___ conditioning refers to a form of treatment involving repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
___ conditioning refers to a form of treatment involving repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
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___ conditioning is a form of associative learning where the consequences of a behavior change the probability of that behavior's occurrence.
___ conditioning is a form of associative learning where the consequences of a behavior change the probability of that behavior's occurrence.
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_____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
_____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
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Every time second-grader Sarah raises her hand in class and gives the correct answer, her teacher gives her a sticker. This is an example of _____.
Every time second-grader Sarah raises her hand in class and gives the correct answer, her teacher gives her a sticker. This is an example of _____.
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In Pavlov's original experiment, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was the _____.
In Pavlov's original experiment, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was the _____.
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What behavior do rats engage in while in a Skinner box?
What behavior do rats engage in while in a Skinner box?
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Which of these was the neutral stimulus (NS) in Pavlov's original experiment?
Which of these was the neutral stimulus (NS) in Pavlov's original experiment?
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When a rat enters a Skinner box, it has to learn to press a lever to get food. At the beginning, it is rewarded with food when it is in the vicinity of the lever. This technique is called ___
When a rat enters a Skinner box, it has to learn to press a lever to get food. At the beginning, it is rewarded with food when it is in the vicinity of the lever. This technique is called ___
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True or false: Aversive conditioning is a form of conditioning that repeatedly pairs a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
True or false: Aversive conditioning is a form of conditioning that repeatedly pairs a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
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___ is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus or event following behavior increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.
___ is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus or event following behavior increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.
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What is operant conditioning?
What is operant conditioning?
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________ reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase that behavior, whereas __________ reinforcement is the presentation of a stimulus after a behavior.
________ reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase that behavior, whereas __________ reinforcement is the presentation of a stimulus after a behavior.
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According to Thorndike's law of effect, which of the following are true? (Select all that apply)
According to Thorndike's law of effect, which of the following are true? (Select all that apply)
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Tiffany usually fastens her seat belt so that the buzzing sound will stop. This would be considered negative ____.
Tiffany usually fastens her seat belt so that the buzzing sound will stop. This would be considered negative ____.
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A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study _____.
A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study _____.
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Luis cleans his room so that his parents will not scold him. This is an example of _____.
Luis cleans his room so that his parents will not scold him. This is an example of _____.
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Which of the following refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior?
Which of the following refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior?
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Which of the following are considered primary reinforcers? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are considered primary reinforcers? (Select all that apply)
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Every time Max, the family dog, sits on command, he receives a treat. The treat would be considered _____.
Every time Max, the family dog, sits on command, he receives a treat. The treat would be considered _____.
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Which of the following are examples of primary reinforcers? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are examples of primary reinforcers? (Select all that apply)
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Unlike positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to _____ the frequency of that behavior.
Unlike positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to _____ the frequency of that behavior.
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The term for reinforcers that are learned by association is _____ reinforcers.
The term for reinforcers that are learned by association is _____ reinforcers.
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When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, _____ is said to have occurred.
When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, _____ is said to have occurred.
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Which two of the following are secondary reinforcers?
Which two of the following are secondary reinforcers?
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Tyler puts on his seat belt as soon as he gets into his car so that he will not get a ticket, which is an example of Blank 1 of 2 reinforcement. Leon puts on his seat belt because he gets compliments for being a safe driver, which is an example of Blank 2 of 2 reinforcement.
Tyler puts on his seat belt as soon as he gets into his car so that he will not get a ticket, which is an example of Blank 1 of 2 reinforcement. Leon puts on his seat belt because he gets compliments for being a safe driver, which is an example of Blank 2 of 2 reinforcement.
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In operant conditioning, Blank 1 of 1 means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
In operant conditioning, Blank 1 of 1 means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
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Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (food, water, sex, etc.) are called _____ reinforcers.
Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (food, water, sex, etc.) are called _____ reinforcers.
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___ in operant conditioning means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal whether a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
___ in operant conditioning means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal whether a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
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Earning an 'A' in a course is an example of a(n) Blank 1 of 1 reinforcer.
Earning an 'A' in a course is an example of a(n) Blank 1 of 1 reinforcer.
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In classical conditioning, the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent is known as ___
In classical conditioning, the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent is known as ___
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Generalization occurs when learning that occurred in one setting is _____ in other similar settings.
Generalization occurs when learning that occurred in one setting is _____ in other similar settings.
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Winning on a slot machine would be considered Blank 1 of 1 reinforcement because winning only occurs some of the time.
Winning on a slot machine would be considered Blank 1 of 1 reinforcement because winning only occurs some of the time.
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When the red light is on, the pigeon does not peck on the disk because it has learned that food will only be presented when the green light is on. This is due to _____.
When the red light is on, the pigeon does not peck on the disk because it has learned that food will only be presented when the green light is on. This is due to _____.
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Which of the following is NOT a schedule of partial reinforcement?
Which of the following is NOT a schedule of partial reinforcement?
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Steven has been fired twice for being late. In his new job, he has never been late. The consequence of being fired would be considered _____.
Steven has been fired twice for being late. In his new job, he has never been late. The consequence of being fired would be considered _____.
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Lori used to rush to her infant son and pick him up every time he cried. Lately, she has stopped rushing to him, and he has decreased his crying. According to the principles of operant conditioning, this is due to _____.
Lori used to rush to her infant son and pick him up every time he cried. Lately, she has stopped rushing to him, and he has decreased his crying. According to the principles of operant conditioning, this is due to _____.
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___ modification is the use of operant conditioning to change human behavior by analyzing and adjusting the rewards and punishments in a particular setting.
___ modification is the use of operant conditioning to change human behavior by analyzing and adjusting the rewards and punishments in a particular setting.
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In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time; whereas in _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.
In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time; whereas in _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.
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Which theorist viewed learning as the process of observing and imitating behavior?
Which theorist viewed learning as the process of observing and imitating behavior?
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___ of reinforcement are timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
___ of reinforcement are timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
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Although latent learning is unreinforced, it is stored ______ in the observer's memories.
Although latent learning is unreinforced, it is stored ______ in the observer's memories.
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Punishment is a consequence that _____.
Punishment is a consequence that _____.
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The term used to describe learning that is not reinforced and is not reflected immediately in behavior is Blank 1 of 1 learning.
The term used to describe learning that is not reinforced and is not reflected immediately in behavior is Blank 1 of 1 learning.
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Applied behavior analysis or _____ modification is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
Applied behavior analysis or _____ modification is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
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What is insight learning?
What is insight learning?
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___ ___ developed the theory of observational learning.
___ ___ developed the theory of observational learning.
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A 6-year-old Mayan girl may watch her mother weave complex patterns in fabric and begin to develop this skill, whereas a 6-year-old growing up in New York may observe her mother navigate the complex subway system and begin to become familiar with it. These two examples reflect the ___ influences of the learning process.
A 6-year-old Mayan girl may watch her mother weave complex patterns in fabric and begin to develop this skill, whereas a 6-year-old growing up in New York may observe her mother navigate the complex subway system and begin to become familiar with it. These two examples reflect the ___ influences of the learning process.
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Learning involves observable behaviors; however, it also involves _____ factors, which involve understanding the thoughts of learners.
Learning involves observable behaviors; however, it also involves _____ factors, which involve understanding the thoughts of learners.
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A student in an anthropology course is struggling to understand the concepts. If the student has a _____ mindset, the student will see the professor during office hours and use a tutor to try to improve; if the student has a _____ mindset, the student will stop attending class, believing that it is a waste of time.
A student in an anthropology course is struggling to understand the concepts. If the student has a _____ mindset, the student will see the professor during office hours and use a tutor to try to improve; if the student has a _____ mindset, the student will stop attending class, believing that it is a waste of time.
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Learned information stored cognitively in an individual's memory but not expressed behaviorally is called _____ learning.
Learned information stored cognitively in an individual's memory but not expressed behaviorally is called _____ learning.
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_____ learning is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution.
_____ learning is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution.
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When the structure of an organism's body inhibits what the organism can learn, it is called a Blank 1 of 1 constraint.
When the structure of an organism's body inhibits what the organism can learn, it is called a Blank 1 of 1 constraint.
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While a child growing up in Chicago is unlikely to be skilled at tracking animals, it likely knows about taking baths and eating with a knife and fork. This helps illustrate ______ influences in learning.
While a child growing up in Chicago is unlikely to be skilled at tracking animals, it likely knows about taking baths and eating with a knife and fork. This helps illustrate ______ influences in learning.
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Individuals who believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change have a ______ mindset.
Individuals who believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change have a ______ mindset.
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Study Notes
Learning and Conditioning
- Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
- In Pavlov's experiment, the bell was initially a neutral stimulus and became a conditioned stimulus as learning progressed.
- Aversive conditioning involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with an unpleasant stimulus, resulting in a change of association.
Classical Conditioning
- The conditioned stimulus (CS) in Pavlov's experiment was the bell.
- Generalization occurs when learned behavior is exhibited in similar settings.
- Extinction in classical conditioning refers to the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning is an associative learning approach where the consequences of a behavior alter its probability of occurrence.
- The Skinner box is used to study operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals, where rats learn behaviors to receive food.
- Shaping rewards successive approximations of a desired behavior until desired actions are performed reliably.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Reinforcement increases the likelihood of behavior reoccurrence; it can be positive (presentation of a stimulus) or negative (removal of a stimulus).
- Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs, such as food and water; secondary reinforcers are learned through association (e.g., money, praise).
- Punishment reduces the frequency of a behavior while aversive conditioning creates negative associations.
Key Terms and Concepts
- The law of effect states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to recur.
- Discrimination means responding differently to stimuli that signal reinforcement.
- Latent learning refers to knowledge that is not immediately reflected in behavior but can manifest later.
Influences on Learning
- Cultural influences shape what and how children learn based on their environment and community.
- A fixed mindset involves believing abilities are unchangeable, while a growth mindset embraces the idea of improvement through effort.
Observational Learning
- Albert Bandura developed the theory of observational learning, emphasizing the role of modeling and imitation in acquiring behaviors.
- Insight learning involves a sudden understanding of how to solve a problem without trial-and-error.
Behavioral Modification
- Behavior modification utilizes principles of operant conditioning to alter human behaviors through structured rewards and consequences.
- The removal of a stimulus post-behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, termed as negative reinforcement.
These notes encapsulate essential principles and concepts from learning theories, focusing on classical and operant conditioning while highlighting key theorists and methods used in behavioral studies.
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Description
Test your understanding of learning theories, including classical and operant conditioning. Explore key concepts such as Pavlov's experiment, conditioned stimuli, and the principles of behavior modification. Dive into the mechanisms of how experiences shape behavior.
