Classical vs. Operant Conditioning Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Who studied classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

What occurs in classical conditioning?

Behavior is followed by reinforcement

You learn through voluntary actions

All responses are voluntary

You learn to associate two different stimuli (correct)

Who is regarded as the father of operant conditioning?

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

What does operant conditioning involve?

Changing voluntary behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What are operants?

Intentional actions that have an effect on the surrounding environment Signup and view all the answers

What are neutral operants?

Responses that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated Signup and view all the answers

What are reinforcers?

Responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated Signup and view all the answers

What are punishers?

Responses that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated Signup and view all the answers

What is positive reinforcement?

The addition of something positive Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement?

The removal of a negative consequence to increase the likelihood of a response Signup and view all the answers

What is positive punishment?

The addition of something undesirable Signup and view all the answers

What is negative punishment?

The removal of something pleasing Signup and view all the answers

What does extinction refer to?

The disappearance of a conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

What is an extinction burst?

An initial increase in a conditioned response when reinforcement is stopped Signup and view all the answers

What is spontaneous recovery?

The unexpected recurrence of a conditioned response after extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus generalization?

Showing a conditioned response to a similar stimulus Signup and view all the answers

How do classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ?

Classical conditioning pairs stimuli, operant conditioning pairs behavior and response Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning

Developed by Ivan Pavlov, also known as respondent conditioning.
Involves learning through involuntary responses to stimuli.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) without prior learning.
Learning occurs by associating two different stimuli, with no behavior involved.

Operant Conditioning

Pioneered by Burrhus Frederic (B.F.) Skinner, based on Thorndike's law of effect.
Concerned with voluntary behavior changes as a result of experiences following a response.
Skinner emphasized studying observable behaviors within psychology.
Key components include reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior.

Key Concepts in Operant Conditioning

Operants: Intentional actions that impact the environment.
Neutral Operants: Environmental responses that do not affect the likelihood of behavior repetition.
Reinforcers: Responses that increase the probability of behavior; can be positive (adding a pleasant stimulus) or negative (removing an unpleasant stimulus).
Punishers: Responses that decrease behavior likelihood; can be positive (adding an undesired stimulus) or negative (removing a desired stimulus).

Behavioral Phenomena

Extinction: Disappearance of a conditioned response due to the removal of reinforcement in operant conditioning or the associated stimulus in classical conditioning.
Extinction Burst: Initial increase in conditioned response when reinforcement ceases before a decline.
Spontaneous Recovery: Unexpected return of a conditioned response after extinction, usually weaker and short-lived.
Stimulus Generalization: Conditioned response occurs in response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Comparison of Classical and Operant Conditioning

Both processes facilitate learning but differ in mechanisms.
Classical conditioning pairs stimuli; operant conditioning pairs behavior with consequences.
Learning occurs prior to response in classical conditioning, and after response in operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses, while operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors.

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Description

Explore key concepts of classical and operant conditioning through flashcards. Learn about influential figures like Ivan Pavlov and the fundamental differences between these two learning theories. Improve your understanding of how stimuli influence behavior and responses.