Chromosomes, Genes, and Prenatal Development

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of genes in chromosomes?

Genes are the building blocks of chromosomes.

Genes are the energy source for cells.

Genes act as recipes that guide the formation of structures. (correct)

Genes are responsible for the cellular respiration process.

How many chromosomes do human gametes contain?

23 single chromosomes. (correct)

23 pairs of chromosomes.

44 chromosomes excluding sex chromosomes.

46 chromosomes in total.

Which stage of prenatal development is characterized by the brain and heart starting to develop?

Fetal stage.

Germinal stage.

Zygotic stage.

Embryonic stage. (correct)

Which statement accurately describes continuous development?

It is characterized by gradual progress over time. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the chromosomal sex of an individual?

The 23rd pair of chromosomes from the mother and father. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of how infants exhibit preference in cognitive investigation?

Preferential looking at stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with the fetal stage of prenatal development?

Development of sex organs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the nature vs nurture debate?

The impact of genetic factors versus environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

What concept allows children in the concrete operational stage to understand that mass, volume, and number remain unchanged despite changes in shape?

Conservation Signup and view all the answers

What principle indicates that objects can be changed and then returned to their original form?

Reversibility Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of Piaget's cognitive development are children able to think logically about concrete events?

Concrete operational stage Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the innate traits that influence how a child thinks and behaves?

Temperament Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes children with difficult temperaments?

They are often irritable and withdrawn. Signup and view all the answers

What does Vygotsky emphasize in his theory compared to Piaget?

Importance of social interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of adolescents in the formal operational stage regarding their self-perception?

They often exhibit increased egocentrism. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines attachment as described in the content?

A long-standing connection or bond. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a child with a secure attachment style?

The child explores the environment when the caregiver is present. Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by a child who actively avoids the caregiver?

Disorganized Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, what happens when a developmental task is not successfully mastered?

It leads to feelings of inadequacy. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the transition into adolescence?

Physical development Signup and view all the answers

At approximately what age does the concept of self begin to develop in humans?

18 months Signup and view all the answers

What does Erikson emphasize as crucial for personality development throughout the lifespan?

Social interaction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best describes resistant attachment style?

The child clings to the caregiver but is still upset when they return. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motivation behind Erikson's psychosocial development stages?

The need to achieve competence Signup and view all the answers

At what age do levels of cognitive empathy begin rising in girls?

13 years Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the first signs of physical aging in middle adulthood?

Skin loses elasticity Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the brain is not fully developed during adolescence?

Frontal lobe Signup and view all the answers

Which period marks the onset of menopause for most women?

50 years Signup and view all the answers

What ability does cognitive empathy enhance in adolescents?

Perspective-taking Signup and view all the answers

What happens to muscle strength during late adulthood?

Diminishes Signup and view all the answers

Which of these changes is associated with middle adulthood?

Thinning and graying hair Signup and view all the answers

What social factor was found to help adolescents with cognitive empathy?

Having a supportive father Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget's cognitive theory?

Understanding of object permanence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes egocentrism in children during the preoperational stage?

Children believe their thoughts and feelings are shared by everyone Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the concept of object permanence typically begin to develop?

5-8 months Signup and view all the answers

What determines a child's inability to perform mental operations in the preoperational stage?

A lack of symbolic thought Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive ability is developed during the concrete operational stage?

Logical thinking about concrete events Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason children in the preoperational stage struggle with the concept of conservation?

They cannot understand adult logic Signup and view all the answers

Which stage follows the preoperational stage according to Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Concrete operational stage Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant development that occurs related to social interaction during the sensorimotor stage?

Developing stranger anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What are characteristics associated with children raised by authoritarian parents?

Withdrawn and rebellious Signup and view all the answers

What does the cellular-clock theory suggest regarding aging?

Cells have a limited number of times they can reproduce Signup and view all the answers

How do children of authoritative parents typically develop?

They exhibit self-reliance and independence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the wear-and-tear theory of aging?

Aging results from accumulated external damage to the body Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for children raised under permissive parenting styles?

They tend to be selfish and immature Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages is NOT part of the five stages of grief?

Innovation Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of neglectful permissive parenting?

Ignoring the child's needs and feelings Signup and view all the answers

What does the activity theory of aging imply?

Active engagement leads to better mental health Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chromosomes and Genes

Human cells (except gametes) have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Chromosomes are made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Chromosomes contain sections called genes, which are the instructions for our structure.
Gametes (sperm and ovum) have 23 chromosomes each.
When sperm and ovum combine, they form 23 pairs of chromosomes.
The 23rd pair determines chromosomal sex.

Sex Chromosomes

Female sex chromosomes are XX.
Male sex chromosomes are XY.
One X chromosome comes from the biological mother, and the other X or Y chromosome from the biological father.

Stages of Prenatal Development

Germinal stage (weeks 1-2): Fertilization and zygote formation.
Embryonic stage (weeks 3-8): Implantation, organ development (brain, heart, etc.).
Fetal stage (weeks 9-40): Sex organ development.

How Does Development Work?

Development can be continuous (gradual) or discontinuous (discrete steps).
Nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) both influence development.

Infancy and Childhood Development

Newborns have a respiratory system and fat for nutrient storage.
Infants use preferential looking and habituation to investigate their cognitions.
Reflexes are innate, involuntary behaviors in newborns.

Infant Reflexes

Grasping reflex
Moro reflex (startle reflex)
Rooting reflex
Stepping reflex
Sucking reflex

Brain Development (First 3 Years)

Rapid brain growth due to increased connectivity among neurons.
Brain pruning (weeding out connections) occurs simultaneously.

Sensations in Infancy

Taste and smell are well-developed senses in infancy.
Infants have a preference for sweet tastes.
Hearing is fairly well-developed.
Vision is the least developed sense, with blurry vision and limited focusing at first.

Cognitive Development

Piaget's Theory, Vygotsky's Theory, Psychosocial Development.

Piaget's Cognitive Theory of Development: Stages

Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years): Development of object permanence, understanding that objects still exist even when out of sight.
Preoperational stage (2-6 years): Symbolic thinking, language development, but limited logical reasoning (egocentrism).
Concrete operational stage (7-11 years): Logical reasoning about concrete events, understanding conservation (properties remain the same despite changes in appearance).
Formal operational stage (12+ years): Abstract thinking, hypothetical situations, deductive reasoning.

Vygotsky's Theory

Focuses on social interactions in development, particularly through scaffolding (step-by-step support from mentors).

Temperament

Innate traits affecting behavior, thought, and reactions.
Easy temperament: positive emotions, adaptability, and self-regulation.
Difficult temperament: negative emotions, difficulty adapting, and self-regulation issues.

Attachment

Long-lasting connection with others.
Strange Situation Experiments are used to assess attachment types.
Attachment styles include: Secure, Avoidant, Resistant, Disorganized.

Self-Concept

"Who am I?"
Mirror and nose-painting tests used to investigate self-awareness.
Concept of self develops around 18 months.

Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory

Focuses on social nature of development across the lifespan.
Stages of development involve resolving conflicts to achieve competence at each stage leading to ego identity.

Adolescence

Puberty initiates adolescence.
Secondary sex characteristics develop.
Growth spurt occurs earlier in females.
Physical changes may cause feelings of pride or embarrassment.
Brain development is not complete.

Adult Development

Middle adulthood (40s-60s): Physical decline, menopause, changes in fertility.
Late adulthood (60+): Continued physical decline: loss of elasticity, slower reaction time.
Cognitive changes may happen.

Parenting Styles

Authoritarian: Strict rules, emphasis on obedience, limited warmth.
Authoritative: Reasonable demands, consistent limits, warmth and affection, and responsiveness to the child.
Permissive: Few demands, little punishment, more responsive to the child.
Parenting style consequences can result in different child behaviors.

Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging

Cellular-clock theory: Limited cell reproduction.
Wear-and-tear theory: Accumulation of damage from external factors.
Free-radical theory: Damage from accumulated free radicals.
Activity theory: "Active use prevents deterioration."

About Mortality-Five Stages of Grief

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

References

List of cited references. (Note: The specific resource cited for each point is not included given the source text nature.)

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of chromosomes and genes as they relate to human development. This quiz will cover the stages of prenatal development and how sex chromosomes determine biological traits. Understand the crucial roles genetics and environment play in shaping development.