Child Development Quiz: Self-Recognition

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Questions and Answers

At what age do infants begin to show awareness of their ability to control objects?

4 months (correct)

12 months

6 months

2 months

What percentage of infants aged 21-24 months touched their noses during the mirror test?

70% - 73% (correct)

80%

50%

60%

Before what age do children generally refer to their image in the mirror in the third person?

1 year

3 years (correct)

2 years

4 years

What is the ‘Me-but-not-me dilemma’ related to?

Developing self-awareness over time Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the concept of 'me' extend over time for children?

By 18 months Signup and view all the answers

In Lewis & Brooks-Gunn's study, what was used to test infants' self-recognition?

A red mark on their face Signup and view all the answers

Which age group showed a minority touch their noses during the mirror test?

15-18 months Signup and view all the answers

After what age do children start to refer to their image as 'me' and understand different temporal dimensions?

4 years Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary observation about children who watched ostracism videos?

They imitated more faithfully than those who watched control videos. Signup and view all the answers

How did children in the ostracism condition depict their social relationships in drawings?

They depicted themselves standing significantly closer to their friends. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the drawings did adults perceive differently about the ostracism condition?

They were rated as more affiliative than the control condition drawings. Signup and view all the answers

What behavior do children exhibit in response to ostracism?

They try to affiliate with others through imitation. Signup and view all the answers

What is one outcome of reputation management in adults regarding ostracism?

Adults strive to be seen in a positive light by others. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the drawings made by children in the ostracism condition?

Less detail than control drawings. Signup and view all the answers

What key concept is highlighted regarding children’s response to social exclusion?

They are sensitive to exclusion and adjust their behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated about the social behavior of children who experience ostracism?

They tend to mimic nonverbal behavior more. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the presence of an audience have on children's behavior in terms of stealing?

Children steal more when unobserved Signup and view all the answers

In the context of helping behavior, how do children act when they are being observed?

They help more than when unobserved Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes children's responses when unobserved?

They steal more and help less Signup and view all the answers

What was the method used in the study conducted by Engelmann, Herrmann, & Tomasello (2012)?

Conducting experiments under controlled laboratory conditions Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding regarding children's behavior when they were observed versus unobserved?

Children exhibited different behaviors based on observation Signup and view all the answers

Which age group was specifically mentioned in the context of generosity when observed?

3-year-olds Signup and view all the answers

Which action decreased among children when they were observed?

Helping others Signup and view all the answers

When children are in an environment where they know they are being watched, their tendency to do which of the following increases?

Help others Signup and view all the answers

At what age do most children begin to recognize themselves in a mirror?

18 months Signup and view all the answers

What developmental milestone is related to self-recognition and meta-representation?

Language acquisition Signup and view all the answers

Which cultural group was noted to have children passing the self-recognition test at a significantly lower rate?

Western Cameroon Signup and view all the answers

What factor may contribute to lower rates of self-recognition in some cultures?

Less exposure to mirrors Signup and view all the answers

What feeling do children begin to experience as they develop meta-awareness?

Embarrassment Signup and view all the answers

In cross-cultural studies, what was a common behavior observed in younger children when presented with their specular image?

Freezing while staring Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental ability is associated with the understanding that others may perceive them differently?

Theory of mind Signup and view all the answers

Why might some children not engage with their reflections?

They may feel uncertain about the expectations Signup and view all the answers

What is an important reason for children to imitate selectively?

To understand others’ goals and intentions Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes overimitation in children compared to chimpanzees?

Children imitate all actions observed, even unnecessary ones Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by group-mindedness in the context of self-awareness?

The identification with a social group versus another Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is characteristic of imitation when trying to affiliate with others?

Needing to belong and thus feeling pressure to imitate Signup and view all the answers

Why do children display overimitation?

To learn about objects with unclear properties Signup and view all the answers

How does imitation relate to self-understanding in children?

It provides insights into social norms Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of imitation on reputation management?

It helps maintain a positive group image Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes the paradox of children's imitation?

Children combine selective imitation with overimitation Signup and view all the answers

What do children tend to do to avoid ostracism?

Manage their reputation Signup and view all the answers

How do children typically behave when they are observed by others?

They act in norm-conforming ways Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of children's imitation according to their goals?

It is selective when the aim is to learn Signup and view all the answers

According to the studies mentioned, what do children prefer regarding group membership?

They prefer members of their own group Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences children's generosity towards others?

Whether they are observed by ingroup or outgroup members Signup and view all the answers

How does witnessing ostracism affect children's behavior?

It elicits more affiliative behavior Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically develop basic self-awareness?

Around 18-24 months Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of reputation management in children?

It involves caring about who is observing them Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Psychology Topics

Topics covered in the course include self-awareness and affiliation (week 7), the importance of play for development (week 8), morality (week 9), theory of mind (week 10), and a revision session (week 11).

Evolution and Development

Key questions include whether these skills are universal or uniquely human, and whether cross-cultural differences exist.

Self-Awareness and Affiliation (Week 7)

Self-awareness involves understanding one's distinction from the environment.
This understanding emerges early in infancy but continues to develop throughout adulthood.
Key questions regarding self-awareness include when it emerges, and what factors facilitate its development.
The process of self-recognition progresses through five stages: confusion, differentiation, situation, identification, permanence, and self-consciousness.
Imitation and affiliation involve the concepts of "I" and "We".
Avoiding ostracism and managing reputation are crucial.
Group-mindedness involves the concepts of "We" versus "They".

Level 0: Confusion

Infants display obliviousness to their reflections in mirrors.
A canary placed near a mirror will display courtship behaviors, implying that the mirror has no impact on self-recognition.
Children at this stage have limited self-understanding.

Level 1: Differentiation

Infants distinguish their body from the external world. An example is the 10-minute-old tongue protruding imitation.
Recent studies haven't confirmed this behavior, suggesting different actions may be independent of modeling.
24-hour-old infants differentiate between their own cheek vs. another person's touch.

Level 2: Situation

Infants develop a sense of their body's position in relation to other objects in their environment.
By six weeks, imitation becomes refined.
By two months, protoconversations emerge (e.g., mimicking sounds).
By 2-4 months, infants demonstrate awareness of their ability to control objects.

Level 3: Identification

The concept of “me” emerges during the second year of life, around 18 months old.
Infants recognize their reflection in a mirror (18 months).
Infants in a classic study by Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) had a mark placed on their faces and were observed in front of mirrors.
Observations varied based on the age bracket (9-12 months, 15-18 months, 21-24 months).

Level 4: Permanence

"Me" extends across time for infants 18 months and older.
Children self-refer to themselves in the third person when describing themselves in mirrors or on TV (under 4 years of age).
3-year-olds can refer to previous behavior that differs in time or circumstance (clothing changes).

Level 5: Meta-awareness

This develops at around age 4-5.
This level involves thinking about how others view them, understanding their own feelings, and potentially showcasing self-consciousness related to the image.
Self-awareness at this stage is often exhibited through embarrassment.

Is it Universal?

Cross-cultural studies show inconsistencies in self-recognition.
Some cultures might have different social norms, beliefs, or parental strategies causing inconsistencies.

Summary of Self-Recognition

Most children recognize themselves in a mirror by 18 months.
This process is linked to other developmental aspects like language and imagination.
Individuals might express this ability differently.

Overview of Imitation and Affiliation (week 7)

Imitation.
Avoiding ostracism.
Reputation management.
Group-mindedness (e.g., loyalty, in-group preference).

Why Imitate?

Imitation serves as a form of social learning.
Identifying role models.
Children imitate selectively, showing a deeper understanding of others' intentions.

Selective Imitation

14-month-old children selectively imitate others' intentional actions rather than accidental ones.
Imitation is contingent on the actions' apparent rationality.

Over-imitation

Children also copy actions irrelevant to the goal's achievement (over-imitation).
It's a mechanism for learning about objects and situations, not solely about reproducing intentional actions.
This behavior is seen in chimpanzees and 3-5-year-old children.

Imitate to Affiliate

Children imitate in social contexts to belong.
They imitate those in their social group.
Children are sensitive to belonging pressures.

Response to Ostracism

Children respond to the threat of social exclusion, possibly by becoming more affiliated with those around them.
Young children demonstrate sensitivity to social exclusion and adapt their behavior accordingly when ostracized.
Observation of ostracism triggers affiliative behavior.
Children tend to draw more affiliative pictures after observing exclusion.

Reputation Management

Reputation management is a means of avoiding exclusion and ostracization.
Behavior is adjusted to be perceived favorably by others..
People tend to be more generous in the presence of bystanders.

Audience Presence (with examples)

Individuals behave differently when observed versus when unobserved.
Children show a tendency to steal less when watched, but help more.
Observed children demonstrate varying degrees of self-management and social adjustment depending on the circumstance.

Commitment to the Group

Children show preferences for their own groups over outgroups.
Young children display loyalty and stick with decisions made by their existing group.
Their loyalty to their groups is resilient, even under pressure.

Reputation Management (in depth)

Strategic reputation management also involves an awareness of who is observing the behavior.
Children respond to group dynamics and interactions.
Ingroup members are treated preferentially in terms of reputation management.

General Summary

Basic 'I vs. the world' self-awareness develops around age 18-24 months.
Sophisticated self-awareness and awareness of how others see them emerge around age 4-5.
Children imitate, affiliate, and manage their reputations.
Children have a strong 'we' identity, displaying loyalty to their groups.

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Description

Test your knowledge on infant self-recognition and development with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as the ages at which children begin to recognize themselves in mirrors, the 'Me-but-not-me dilemma', and how their self-concept evolves over time. Answer questions based on studies and developmental milestones.