Exploring Self-Awareness and Consciousness

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Which of the following best defines self-concept?

The awareness of oneself as a separate entity

The set of beliefs people have about their personal attributes (correct)

The knowledge about oneself that influences perception and memory

The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror

At what age does self-recognition typically develop in humans?

Between 2-3 years

Between 18-24 months (correct)

Between 6-12 months

Between 4-6 years

What do non-human animals show when they pass the mirror test?

Lack of self-awareness

Awareness of self (correct)

Physical characteristics

Ability to recognize others

What does self-schema refer to?

An organized body of knowledge about the self that influences perception and memory Signup and view all the answers

How does self-concept change as we grow older?

It increases in complexity Signup and view all the answers

What is the mirror test used for?

Testing self-recognition in humans and animals Signup and view all the answers

What are self-schemas influenced by?

Attitudes, preferences, and traits Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with low self-concept clarity?

Higher life satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about self-concept clarity in adolescence and adulthood?

It decreases in adolescence and increases in adulthood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about cultural differences in defining the self?

Culture has no impact on defining the self Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about gender differences in defining the self?

Gender differences are not present in collectivistic cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is introspection?

The process of looking inward and examining one's own thoughts, feelings, and motives Signup and view all the answers

According to self-awareness theory, what do people do when they focus their attention on themselves?

They evaluate and compare their behavior with internal standards and values Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with low self-Clarity?

Higher self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about self-awareness?

Self-awareness can be manipulated by external factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the self-perception theory?

We infer our attitudes and feelings by observing our behavior and the situation. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motivation is associated with better academic performance?

Intrinsic motivation Signup and view all the answers

What is the overjustification effect?

The tendency to underestimate the extent to which our behavior is caused by intrinsic reasons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the looking-glass self?

The idea that we see ourselves through the eyes of other people. Signup and view all the answers

When do we engage in social comparison?

When we have uncertain or ambiguous attitudes and feelings. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the social comparison theory?

We learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves with other people. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of self-control?

Being able to resist immediate desires Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of implementation intentions in self-control?

To make specific plans to achieve goals and avoid temptation Signup and view all the answers

What is downward social comparison?

Comparing ourselves with people who are worse than us Signup and view all the answers

What is upward social comparison?

Comparing ourselves with people who are better than us Signup and view all the answers

According to sociometer theory, what does self-esteem monitor?

The extent to which we are accepted or rejected by others Signup and view all the answers

What is self-enhancement?

Having an unrealistically positive view of oneself Signup and view all the answers

What is self-verification theory?

The need to seek confirmation of one's self-concept Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of collectivist cultures in terms of self-evaluation?

Displaying self-effacement Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of self-control?

To achieve long-term goals Signup and view all the answers