Exploring Self-Awareness and Consciousness
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best defines self-concept?

  • The awareness of oneself as a separate entity
  • The set of beliefs people have about their personal attributes (correct)
  • The knowledge about oneself that influences perception and memory
  • The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror

    • At what age does self-recognition typically develop in humans?

  • Between 2-3 years
  • Between 18-24 months (correct)
  • Between 6-12 months
  • Between 4-6 years

    • What do non-human animals show when they pass the mirror test?

  • Lack of self-awareness
  • Awareness of self (correct)
  • Physical characteristics
  • Ability to recognize others

    • What does self-schema refer to?

    <p>An organized body of knowledge about the self that influences perception and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-concept change as we grow older?

    <p>It increases in complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mirror test used for?

    <p>Testing self-recognition in humans and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are self-schemas influenced by?

    <p>Attitudes, preferences, and traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT associated with low self-concept clarity?

    <p>Higher life satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about self-concept clarity in adolescence and adulthood?

    <p>It decreases in adolescence and increases in adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about cultural differences in defining the self?

    <p>Culture has no impact on defining the self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about gender differences in defining the self?

    <p>Gender differences are not present in collectivistic cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is introspection?

    <p>The process of looking inward and examining one's own thoughts, feelings, and motives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to self-awareness theory, what do people do when they focus their attention on themselves?

    <p>They evaluate and compare their behavior with internal standards and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT associated with low self-Clarity?

    <p>Higher self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about self-awareness?

    <p>Self-awareness can be manipulated by external factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the self-perception theory?

    <p>We infer our attitudes and feelings by observing our behavior and the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of motivation is associated with better academic performance?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overjustification effect?

    <p>The tendency to underestimate the extent to which our behavior is caused by intrinsic reasons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the looking-glass self?

    <p>The idea that we see ourselves through the eyes of other people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do we engage in social comparison?

    <p>When we have uncertain or ambiguous attitudes and feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the social comparison theory?

    <p>We learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves with other people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of self-control?

    <p>Being able to resist immediate desires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of implementation intentions in self-control?

    <p>To make specific plans to achieve goals and avoid temptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is downward social comparison?

    <p>Comparing ourselves with people who are worse than us</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is upward social comparison?

    <p>Comparing ourselves with people who are better than us</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to sociometer theory, what does self-esteem monitor?

    <p>The extent to which we are accepted or rejected by others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-enhancement?

    <p>Having an unrealistically positive view of oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-verification theory?

    <p>The need to seek confirmation of one's self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of collectivist cultures in terms of self-evaluation?

    <p>Displaying self-effacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of self-control?

    <p>To achieve long-term goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Self-Concept

    • Self-concept is an individual's understanding of who they are, encompassing their beliefs, values, and perceptions about themselves.

    Self-Recognition

    • Self-recognition typically develops in humans around the age of 18-24 months.

    Non-Human Animal Self-Recognition

    • Non-human animals who pass the mirror test demonstrate self-awareness, recognizing their own reflection.

    Self-Schema

    • Self-schema refers to a cognitive structure that organizes information about oneself, influencing how we process and recall information related to our self-concept.

    Self-Concept Development

    • Self-concept evolves over time, influenced by experiences, relationships, and societal expectations.

    Mirror Test

    • The mirror test assesses self-awareness in animals by observing their reactions to their reflection.

    Influences on Self-Schemas

    • Self-schemas are shaped by personal experiences, social interactions, cultural influences, and individual values.

    Low Self-Concept Clarity

    • Low self-concept clarity is not associated with low self-esteem.

    Self-Concept Clarity Development

    • Self-concept clarity increases from adolescence to adulthood, leading to a more stable and developed sense of self.

    Cultural Differences in Self-Definition

    • Cultures vary in how they define the self, with some emphasizing individualism and others collectivism.

    Gender Differences in Self-Definition

    • Gender differences in self-definition are not universal, and the extent of these differences can vary greatly across cultures and individuals.

    Introspection

    • Introspection refers to the process of examining one's own thoughts, feelings, and motivations.

    Self-Awareness Theory

    • Self-awareness theory suggests that when people focus attention on themselves, they compare their behavior to their internal standards and values.

    Self-Clarity

    • Low self-clarity is not associated with being less aware of oneself.

    Self-Awareness

    • Self-awareness can be triggered by external cues, such as being observed or being reminded of our own mortality.

    Self-Perception Theory

    • Self-perception theory proposes that people infer their own attitudes and beliefs by observing their own behavior and the circumstances surrounding it.

    Academic Performance

    • Intrinsic motivation, driven by internal factors such as interest and enjoyment, is associated with better academic performance than extrinsic motivation.

    Overjustification Effect

    • The overjustification effect occurs when extrinsic rewards diminish intrinsic motivation, leading individuals to attribute their behavior to external factors rather than their own interest.

    Looking-Glass Self

    • The looking-glass self refers to how we see ourselves based on how we believe others perceive us.

    Social Comparison

    • We engage in social comparison when we evaluate ourselves by comparing our abilities, opinions, and beliefs with others.

    Social Comparison Theory

    • Social comparison theory states that individuals compare themselves to others to gain information about themselves and to evaluate their own abilities and opinions.

    Self-Control

    • Self-control involves regulating thoughts, emotions, and behaviors to achieve desired goals.

    Implementation Intentions

    • Implementation intentions in self-control are specific plans that link particular situations with specific behaviors, making it easier to resist temptations.

    Downward Social Comparison

    • Downward social comparison involves comparing oneself to others who are perceived as worse off in the area being evaluated.

    Upward Social Comparison

    • Upward social comparison involves comparing oneself to others who are perceived as better off in the area being evaluated.

    Sociometer Theory

    • Sociometer theory suggests that self-esteem functions as a gauge of our social inclusion, indicating our perceived belonging within a group.

    Self-Enhancement

    • Self-enhancement refers to the motivation to maintain or increase one's positive self-views.

    Self-Verification Theory

    • Self-verification theory proposes that individuals strive to confirm their existing self-concepts, even if those concepts are negative.

    Collectivist Cultures and Self-Evaluation

    • Collectivist cultures often emphasize group harmony and interdependence, leading individuals to base their self-evaluations more on their contributions to group goals.

    Purpose of Self-Control

    • Self-control plays a crucial role in regulating behavior, achieving goals, maintaining relationships, and navigating social situations.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on self-awareness and consciousness with this quiz. Explore topics such as the self-reflexive nature of consciousness, how researchers manipulate awareness of the self, and the influence of cultural differences on self-awareness. Challenge yourself and expand your understanding of the intriguing world of self-awareness and consciousness.

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