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Questions and Answers
What significant contribution did Johnson make to scientific literature?
Which of the following civilizations was noted for its advanced construction of cities and infrastructure?
Which two calendars were developed by the Mayan Civilization?
What was an application of the mineral MICA as described in the context?
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In the context of early sciences, which factor significantly contributed to the evidence-based scientific approach?
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What numerical innovation is attributed to the Mayan civilization?
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Which architectural advancement is characteristic of the Incan civilization?
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What was one of the purposes of the Mayan calendar?
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Which valuable system for record-keeping did the Incans develop?
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What was one notable feature of the Mayan city of Chichen Itza?
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Study Notes
Charles Darwin
- Studied at Shrewsbury School
- Joined a five-year expedition through HMS Beagle on the Galapagos Islands
- Published "The Origin of Species" about evolution of species
- Presented evidence on traits and adaptations of species
- Wrote "The Descent of Man" which contributed to evolutionary biology and physics of science
Craddles of Early Sciences
- Incan Civilization
- Developed a system of knotted ropes (quipus) for record-keeping
- Developed irrigation systems and techniques for storing water
- Created Inca textiles
- Egyptian Civilization
- Developed a hydraulic system with complex waterways to supply water
- Built looms for weaving clothes
- Mayan Civilization
- Developed two calendar systems: Tzolk'in and Haab
- Devised paints from mica
- Were the first to produce rubber products
- Developed a writing system called Mayan Hieroglyphics
- Created a number system based on 20 and developed the concept of zero
- Aztec Civilization
- Developed a rainbow of paints from mica
- Were the first to produce rubber products
- Invented a calendar to plan activities, rituals, and planting seasons
- Developed chocolate from cacao beans
Latin America: Mayan Civilization
- Prominent civilization that lasted for approximately 2,000 years
- Advanced knowledge of astronomy, reflected in the design of their temples for conducting observations and religious festivals
- Ex: Chichen Itza (Mexico) - positioned to align with the sun during the spring and fall equinoxes
Asia: India
- Ancient Indian mathematicians, particularly Aryabhata, developed the concept of zero
- Ancient India formalized the place value system and decimal notation
- Aryabhata calculated the length of the solar year and proposed heliocentric theories
- Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine, documented by Charaka and Sushruta, includes surgical techniques and holistic health practices
Middle East Countries
- Birthplace of major world religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
- Region is known for its rich history and cultural diversity, contributing to scientific advancements in various fields
Anti-Cancer Cream
- Developed from cashew nuts and other local herbs to treat basal skin carcinoma
- Invented to remove warts and moles on the skin
16-Bit Microchip
- Developed by Dr. Abelardo Aguilar
- Allowed computer users to make graphical presentations using commands
Erythromycin
- Antibiotic erythromycin produced by the bacterium Streptomyces erythreus
- Found in the soil from Iloilo province
Technology as a Way of Revealing: Heidegger vs. Aristotle
- Heidegger:
- “Techne” is the Greek word for art or craft
- Technology as a skill related to craftmanship and art
- Bringing-forth is technology revealing through nature or the act of creating an object
- Poiesis - revealing through technology, the act of creating an object through art
- Physis - revealing through nature, the natural emergence of things
- Aristotle:
- Focused on the creation of objects
- Defined “techne” as a community of individuals with the right to pursue their own efforts
Eudaimonia
- “Well” and “daimon” (meaning spirit) making it “well-being” or “flourishing”
- Contented state of being happy, healthy, and prosperous
- Characterizes the well-lived life
- Satisfactions include meeting God in heaven
- Aristotle believed achieving "eudaimonia" was the highest good of human endeavors
Changes in the Human Body
- Changes in diet led to evolution of body shapes to adapt to different climates
- Short bodies and long guts appeared 6 million years ago
- Tall bodies and short guts appeared 9 million years ago
- Compact bodies appeared 400,000 years ago
- Smooth and weaker bones appeared 50,000 years ago
- Larger and more complex brains are a result of challenges in the environment
Virtue Ethics
- Developed by Greek philosophers
- Linked to "arete" - the excellence of any kind that's necessary to flourish and attain the good life
- Aims to reach flourishing through good character traits
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Description
Explore the life and contributions of Charles Darwin, from his education to major works like 'The Origin of Species' and 'The Descent of Man.' Additionally, delve into the innovations of early civilizations such as the Incas, Egyptians, Mayans, and Aztecs in various fields. Test your knowledge on the interplay between evolution and early scientific advancements.
