STS-NOTES.pdf

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY LECTURE 1: LESSON 1: UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION SCIENCE an organized body of knowledge, wisdom, and experiences concerning the natural and physical world that cane be based on in the attitudes, processes and skills a...

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY LECTURE 1: LESSON 1: UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION SCIENCE an organized body of knowledge, wisdom, and experiences concerning the natural and physical world that cane be based on in the attitudes, processes and skills as the body of knowledge is formed (Pawilen, 2006). Gribbin (2003) as historical perspective SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION An intellectual as well as a social activity carried out by humans in their pursuit to have a better Scientific Revolution (1543–1687) understanding of the natural world. Started early 16th century to 18th century in Science can be defined as: Europe. It is an idea - it comprises ideas, beliefs, Started with the invention of printing machines theories and all systematic reasons and that allows to the mass production of reading observations on the natural and physical world materials and flourished the intellects from different places. Era of enlightenment and intellectualization that nurtured the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry. It modernized the understanding and practices of science and gave birth to scientific processes and experimentations. Science can be defined as: MAJOR: SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS It is a personal and social activity - it includes activities of human beings to acquire better Astronomy: Shift from geocentrism to understanding of the world. heliocentrism; development of telescopes and improved observational techniques. Physics: Introduction of the scientific method; exploration of motion, forces, and gravity. Biology: Advances in understanding human anatomy through dissection, notably by Andreas Vesalius, and the study of microorganisms initiated by Robert Hooke and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. Science can be defined as: Chemistry: Transition from alchemy to modern It is a courser or field of study - it is a subject in chemistry, including the identification of basic education, discipline or a field of study in elements and the study of chemical reactions higher education that deals with the process of teaching and learning about the natural and physical world. This is what we call as science. Science can be defined as: It is an intellectual activity - it incorporates a methodical and applied study of the natural and physical world that involves observation and experimentation. OREJANA, ROMMEL C. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Any group of people who have lived and worked together long enough to get themselves organized and to think of themselves as a social unit with well-defined limits. WHAT ARE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION? TECHNOLOGY is a body of knowledge devoted to creating tools, processing actions, and extracting materials. is human knowledge that involves tools, materials, and systems. The application of technology typically results in products. is machinery and equipment developed from the application of scientific knowledge. is dynamic; it keeps on improving because our needs and demands for technology keep on changing TECHNOLOGY UPDATES IN THE PHILIPPINES Reference: https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1231705 SOCIETY Is a kind of collective entity, as is a nation, a state, an organization, and a family. is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same OREJANA, ROMMEL C. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY LECTURE 1: LESSON 2: SIGMUND FREUD INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS famous in the field of psychology exploring the complexities of the human mind. AND DEFINED SOCIETY Psychoanalysis an excellent method to study the human mind and neurotic illness SCIENTIST THAT HAS NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS: scientifically. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS Proposed that human behavior is influenced by irrational forces, desires, and conflicts. “thought experiment” Suggesting that human beings are not fully appointed as a canon at From Bork Cathedral in aware of the motivations behind their actions. Poland after a Doctorate degree. influenced by the book Epitome published by a German Johannesburg Mueller in 1946 containing the observations of the heavens and some commentary on earlier works. De revolutionibus orbiting coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) 1543. Presented a model of the universe everything moved around a particular center at consistent rate, the sun to be centerpiece of the universe while all the planets are orbiting the sun every year. The moon would be seen orbiting the Earth. He positioned the planets in order of increasing distance from the sun. Roman Catholic Christ church prohibited and ignored the publication of the Copernican model for the rest of the 16th century. CHARLES DARWIN A genius who came from a line of intellectually gifted and wealthy family. Johnson (2012) Student of Shrewsbury School Endorsed by his professor to join a five-year expedition through HMS Beagle on the island of Galapagos Published the book “The Origin of Species” which presented pieces of evidence on how species evolved over time. Presented pieces of evidence on the traits and adaptations that are unique for different species. The Descent of Man - made a major contributions on evolutionary biology and physics of science. That adds value to evidence- based science OREJANA, ROMMEL C.  SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY LECTURE 1: LESSON 3: Two Mayan Calendar Systems Developed technology for growing different CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCES crops and for building elegant cities using ordinary machineries and tools Incan Civilization Egyptian Civilization Hydraulic system with complex waterways to supply water to different communities Built looms for weaving clothes. Mayan Civilization Aztec Civilization Development of Science in Mesoamerica Mesoamerica - refers to the entire area of Central America from southern Mexico up to the boarder of South America. Rich culture and indigenous knowledge system. TZOLKIN CALENDAR HAAB CALENDAR Devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called MICA. First people to produce rubber products First civilization to use writing system known as Mayan Heiroglyphics Known in mathematics created a number system based on the numeral 20 and developed the concept of zero and positional value. LATIN AMERICA: MAYAN CIVILIZATION LATIN AMERICA: INCAN CIVILIZATION Is one of the prominent civilizations during the 1. Building roads covered with stones ancient period that lasted for approximately 2. Constructing stone structures that could survive 2000 years. earthquakes and other natural calamities Known for their works in astronomy 3. Developing QUIPU, a system of knotted ropes to Advanced knowledge of astronomy in the design keep records that only experts can interpret. of their temples and other religious structures 4. Inventing a calendar with 12 months to mark allowing them to use these temples for their religious festivals and prepare them for conducting astronomical observation. planting season. 5. Developing irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land. 6. Creating Inca textiles. Ex.: Chichen Itza (Mexico) - positioned to the spot of the sun during the spring and fall equinoxes. OREJANA, ROMMEL C. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY LATIN AMERICA: AZTEC CIVILIZATION EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION Contributions to science and technology Writing and Literature 1. Mandatory Education - the Aztec puts value on - Invention of the hieroglyphic writing system education. Their children are mandated to get - Development of papyrus as a writing material education regardless of their social class, - Creation of extensive literature including religious gender or age. texts, legends, and scientific writings. 2. Antispasmodic medication - they used a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle spaces and relax muscles, which could help during surgery. 3. Chinampa - it is a form of Aztec technology for agriculture in which the land was divided into rectangular areas surrounded by canals. Iconic architectural achievements like the pyramids and temples Significant progress in mathematics, geometry, and astronomy Accurate mapping of the Earth's surface Establishment of a 365-day solar calendar Innovations in medicine and surgery Advancements in agriculture and irrigation techniques Belief in the afterlife and mummification of the dead Establishment of a highly organized society and government. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA ASIA - largest continent in the world the home of several 4. Invention of the canoe - it is a light narrow boat ancient civilization. used for traveling in water systems 5. Chocolates - the Aztec in Mexico developed chocolates. The Aztec valued the cacao beans as part of their offerings to the Gods 6. Aztec Calendar - this calendar enabled them to plan their activities, rituals and planting season ASIA: INDIA Concept of Zero: Ancient Indian mathematicians, particularly Aryabhata, were instrumental in developing the concept of zero, revolutionizing mathematics. Decimal System: The place value system and decimal notation were formalized in ancient India, providing a foundation for modern arithmetic. Astronomy: Aryabhata calculated the length of the solar year and proposed heliocentric theories long before they were recognized in the West. Ayurveda: This ancient system of medicine, documented by Charaka and Sushruta, includes surgical techniques and holistic health practices that are still relevant today. OREJANA, ROMMEL C. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Surgery: Sushruta is often referred to as the MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES "father of surgery," having performed complex Abrahamic Religions: The Middle East is the procedures including cataract surgery and birthplace of major world religions, including plastic surgery. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which have Sanskrit Literature: The Vedas, Upanishads, shaped moral and ethical frameworks and epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana globally. have had a profound impact on literature and Philosophical Thought: The region philosophy globally. contributed significantly to philosophical discourse, particularly during the Islamic ASIA:CHINA Golden Age, which preserved and expanded Papermaking: The invention of paper during the upon ancient Greek and Roman knowledge. Han dynasty revolutionized record-keeping and education. Silk Road: This network of trade routes facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture between East and West, shaping global commerce. Cultural Influence: China's civilization has significantly influenced neighboring countries, spreading its language, governance, and cultural practices. Printing: Development of woodblock and movable type printing facilitated the spread of literature and knowledge. AFRICAN COUNTRIES Trans-Saharan Trade: This network facilitated the exchange of goods, such as gold and salt, and contributed to the rise of powerful empires like Mali and Songhai. Nubia and Kush: These civilizations contributed to trade, cultural exchanges, and the spread of ironworking technology. Compass and Gunpowder: These inventions greatly influenced navigation and warfare, respectively, impacting global history. Confucianism and Daoism: These philosophical systems have shaped social structures, ethics, and governance in East Asia and beyond. Buddhism: The spread of Buddhism from India through China influenced spiritual practices and cultural exchanges across Asia. OREJANA, ROMMEL C. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY LECTURE 2: PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL, AQUATIC AND NATURAL RESOURCES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENDA The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs, projects, and policies to boost the area of science and technology. The goal is to prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven world and capacitate INDUSTRY, ENERGY AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY the people to live in a world driven by science. AMBISYON NATIN 2040 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION NATIONAL INTEGRATED BASIC RESEARCH AGENDA AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HARMONIZED R&D AGENDA NATIONAL UNIFIED HEALTH RESEARCH AGENDA GOVERNMENT POLICIES PERTAINING TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Republic Act 10055 - known as the Philippine Technology Transfer Act of 2009. It aims to provide a framework and support system for the ownership, management, use and commercialization of intellectual property resulting from R&D funded by the government. OREJANA, ROMMEL C. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Republic Act 2067 - known as Science Act of Caraga Region Campus (Butuan City) 1985. It focuses on the integration, Zamboanga Peninsula Campus (Dipolog City) coordination, and intensification of scientific THE PROBLEM IN SCIENCE EDUCATION and technological research and development and fostering inventions to provide funds for Teacher - student ratio other purposes. Lack of facilities Lack of teaching materials and equipment SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES DOST AND ITS EXISTING PROGRAMS BASIC EDUCATION There are also other existing programs supported by the PH Science Education - R.A. 7722 lead by Philippine government through the Department of CHED, DEPED and Kagawaran ng Edukasyon. Science and Technology (DOST) Science as one of the focus of K+12 program. Presents importance of science and Providing funds for basic research and patents technology related to science and technology Provides learners with a repertoire of Providing scholarships for undergraduate and competencies important in the world and in graduate studies in the field of science and knowledge-based society. Philippine technology Science High School - problems like Teacher - Establishing more branches of the Philippine student ratio, lack of facilities, Lack of Science High School System teaching materials and equipment. DOST PROJECTS TERTIARY EDUCATION Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino Refers to all formal post-secondary scientists abroad to come home and work in the education, including public and private Philippines universities, colleges, technical training Developing science and technology parks in institutes, and vocational schools. academic campuses to encourage academic and industry partnerships. R.A. 7722 The establishment of the National Science Commission on Higher Complex and National Engineering Complex Education was created to within the University of the Philippines campus oversee the system of higher in Diliman. education in the country and PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT AND DOST to formulate policies, plans, and programs for the With the agency's elevation to full cabinet stature by development of public and virtue of Executive Order 128 signed on 30 January 1987, private higher education. the functions and responsibilities of DOST expanded correspondingly to include the following: PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL Pursue the declared state policy of supporting - is a specialized public high school system in the local scientific and technological effort Philippines which operates as an attached agency Develop local capability to achieve of DOST. It has 16 campuses located in the technological self-reliance. following areas nationwide: Encourage greater private sector participation in Main Campus (Quezon City) research and development. Ilocos Region Campus (Ilocos Sur) Cagayan Valley Campus (Nueva Vizcaya) BALIK SCIENTIST PROGRAM CAR Campus (Baguio City) Central Luzon Campus (Pampanga) On June 15, 2018, President Rodrigo R. Duterte CALABARZON Campus (Batangas City) institutionalized the program with RA 11035 "Balik MIMAROPA Campus (Romblon) Scientist Act" also known as the Balik Scientist Act. Then Bicol Region Campus (Camarines Sur) after three (3) months, the DOST crafted the Western Visayas Campus (Iloilo City) implementing rules and regulations (IRR) and MC No. Central Visayas Campus (Cebu) 006 of the Balik Scientist Law. It aims to: Eastern Visayas Campus (Leyte) Reverse the effect of the brain drain Central Mindanao Campus (Lanao del Norte) Strengthen S & T capabilities Southern Mindanao Campus (Davao City) Accelerate flow of technologies SOCCSKSARGEN Region Campus (South Promote knowledge of sharing Cotabato OREJANA, ROMMEL C. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Selected Indigenous Science and Technologies Indigenous Science is a product of indigenous knowledge perfected by people through life experiences. It may connote traditional and nonscientific knowledge because it includes superstitious beliefs and practices which maybe products of human imagination. Examples of indigenous science include: Traditional health habit practices Use of herbal medicines Knowledge on preserving foods Building irrigation system Making wines and juices from fruitsClassifying different types of soil for planting RUPERTA DAVID Local method of growing vegetables in the yard PATIS Method of calculating and estimating Knowledge on mineral resources in the Accidentally community discovered patis in Making products such as vinegar, cheese and 1940s when she nata de coco noticed that some of the salted fish she Philippine Indigenous Technologies stored in a jar turned PEDRO FLORES into fragments that turned into liquid. YOYO MARIA OROSA Y YLAGAN a toy consisting of an axle BANANA CATSUP connected to She focused on two disks and a creating another string looped flavor of catsup, the around the banana catsup. axle. Filipinos love to use DR. FE DEL MUNDO MEDICAL this condiment for every fried food. INCUBATOR This tool was purposely invented to regulate the body temperature of newborn babies. ROLANDA DE LA CRUZ ANTICANCER CREAM Developed from cashew nuts and other local herbs to treat basal skin carcinoma (BSC). Another invention in 2000 and it remove warts and moles on the skin. DIOSDADO BANATAO 16-BIT MICROCHIP DR. ABELARDO AGUILAR This chip allows the ERYTHROMYCIN computer users to make Antibiotic erythromycin produced by the bacterium graphical presentation Streptomyces erythreus found in the soil from his using graphics and own province in Iloilo. commands. OREJANA, ROMMEL C. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY LECTURE 3: TECHNOLOGY AS WAY OF REVEALING HEIDEGGER'S FOUR CAUSES VS ARISTOTLE MARTIN HEIDEGGER Aristotle's causes are focused on creation, while Heidegger’s are about uncovering truth. “Technē” - Greek word for art or craft BRINGING-FORTH IN TECHNOLOGY Martin Heidegger is a POIESIS AND PHYSIS German philosopher known for his essay “The Poiesis: is revealing through technology or the act Question Concerning of bringing forth an object through creation or art. It Technology” is practiced by craftsmen and artists who utilize Martin Heidegger’s their skills (techne) to create meaningful objects. defined techne in Physis: is revealing through nature; This is the relation to technology as natural emergence of things, where objects come a skill related to both craftmanship and art. into being without human intervention. Technology is the application of that scientific In Martin Heidegger's philosophy, aletheia refers to knowledge to create devices that solve problems the concept of unconcealment or truth, which and carry out tasks. plays a crucial role in understanding the nature of technology. HEIDEGGER’S MAIN CRITICISMS Heidegger's concept of "revealing differ from the Technology is not purely technological - solving modern understanding of technology's purpose: problems caused by technology cannot be solved Revealing is focused on understanding nature, by simply improving technology while modern technology exploits it Modern technology turns the world into a THE CONCEPT OF ENFRAMING "standing-reserve" - It reduces nature to a tool for human exploitation the world's resources are seen In Martin Heidegger's philosophy, the concept of as "good for" something else rather than inherently enframing (gestell) is central to understanding valuable. the essence of modern technology. Enframing Modern technology challenges nature to provide refers to the mindset or "frame of mind" that energy - it unlocks and transforms energy from drives humanity. natural resources for human purposes Heidegger questions the role of humanity in the The essence of modern technology is not process of challenging nature through technological - the parts that make up enframing. technological devices belong to the technological, Challenging nature for Energy - Idea of but the activity of assembling them is what truly "challenging forth" in modern technology alter defines modern technology. humanity's relationship with nature: It forces nature to serve humanity's purposes, depleting FUNCTIONS OF TECHNOLOGY its potential 1. Instrumental Function - Technology is a means QUESTION: to an end. It is used as a tool to solve problems and accomplish tasks. What are the potential consequences of enframing on 2. Anthropological Function - Technology is society’s view of the natural world? human activity. It involves the advancement of scientific knowledge and the use of different - It turns nature into a series of resources to be technical processes to complete a task. exploited. HEIDEGGER'S FOUR CAUSES FOUR CAUSES CHALLENGING NATURE FOR ENERGY DIAGRAM OF A TABLE The windmill is used to exemplify how modern technology. The wind, which is a natural resource, is challenged by the windmill to provide energy. This process exposes the wind's potential for manipulation by technology. Heidegger’s criticism of modern technology to today’s digital landscape: Digital technology enframes human creativity, treating it as a standing reserve. OREJANA, ROMMEL C. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY LECTURE 4: HUMAN 6. SOCIAL LIFE Humans are social beings. FLOURISHING Interactions led to the formation of a society. Society came from the Latin word “societas” HUMANS meaning friendly association with others. Humans scientifically known as Homo sapiens Being part of the society is important are the backbone of today’s society. because: Aristotle described humans as rational thinkers Mutual support capable of thinking and reasoning. Formation of social groups Cultivation of culture CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMANS THAT EVOLVED OVER Regulation of policies and standards TIME Pursuit of common goal 7. USE OF LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS 1. WALKING UPRIGHT Used different languages, symbols and Ancestors of humans gradually evolved over sounds to communicate. millions of years to become bipedal beings. Paintings convey and store information. Bipedalism allowed our ancestors to climb Used jewelries and other adornments to trees, walk on the ground, and move around reflect their age, sex and social status. to different habitats for survival. Improvement continued to modernity and 2. USE OF DIFFERENT TOOLS now uses printing press, computers etc. Humans forage, hunt, and fish for food consumption. HUMAN FLOURISHING Used stones, wood, bone, ivory metals and learned to produce and use fire. “Aristotle teaches that each man' life has a purpose and Practiced metal smelting which led to the use that the junction of one’s life is to attain that purpose. He of bronze. explains that the purpose of life is earthly happiness or 3. DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS flourishing that can be achieved via reason and the Hunters and gatherers started domesticating acquisition of virtue." animals. (Edward W. Younkins, Montreal, November 22, 2003/No Humans started to settle permanently. 133) Raised animals for clothing, medicine and shelters. It is defined as an effort to achieve self- First domesticated animals were goats, actualization and fulfillment within the context sheeps, and chickens. of a larger community of individuals, each with Large animals like oxen and horses known as the right to pursue his or her own efforts. the “beasts of burden” were used in plowing It is the highest good of human endeavors. and transportation activities. It is the ability to live a good life. 4. CHANGES IN HUMAN BODY Humans need to satisfy their needs and The change in the diet of humans led to the demands which lead to inventions, evolution of the body shapes to help them technologies, and research. adapt to hot and cold climates (Aiello, 1997). According to Aristotle, when humans desire The following are the changes that happened ends, we reach eudaimonia, flourishing, or to the human body. happiness. Short bodies and long guts (6 million Eudaimonia from the Greek word “well” and years ago) daimon or daemon meaning ”spirit”. Tall bodies and short gut (9 million years Eudaimonia is defined as a contented state of ago) being happy, healthy and prosperous. Compact bodies (400,000 years ago) d) It is an objective state that characterized the Bones were smooth and weaker (50,000 well-lived life as an individual’s ideal emotional years ago) state. 5. COMPLEXITY OF BRAINS e.g., some people believe that the ultimate Larger and complex brains satisfactions are meeting God in heaven. Change due to challenges they encountered Virtue ethics- normative ethical theories in the environment developed by ancient Greek philosophers. Physical environment- climate, diet and food These virtues ethics are linked to arete availability “excellence of any kind that is necessary in Social environment- group size, parental care order for one individual to flourish and attain the good life”. OREJANA, ROMMEL C. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY HISTORY OF EUDAIMONIA 4. MEANING Meaningful life is felt with belongingness. HUMAN FLOURISHING ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE It proves your meaning or purpose with other Eudaimonia is explained in his Nichomachean people and reflect man’s value or worth. Ethics back in the 4th century BC. Philosopher Thomas Nagel believes in cosmic Happiness is conditional for it is dependent on insignificance- that man does not affect the other conditions. universe, but only man’s immediate Individual’s worldly conditions are important in environment. his or her pursuit of eudaimonia. 5. ACCOMPLISHMENT Eudaimonia is not instrumental good but rather, Accomplishment denotes success or the ultimate good for it is intrinsically good or achievement. good in its own sake. It happens when you successfully finished Community is important for individual to flourish tasks after a lot of hard work. as a human being. Attained goals bring happiness and Friendship is a contributing factor in attaining satisfaction to humans as they are admired eudaimonia. and adored by other people for their achievement. HUMAN FLOURISHING IN THE CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE St. Augustine of Hippo and St. Thomas Aquinas proposed that eudaimonia or human flourishing requires one to have knowledge of God. John Locke stressed that happiness is pursued through prudence. Human Flourishing Flourishing is equal to a positive mental health; thus, it leads to: Positive emotional and physical well-being Positive psychological and social functioning Resilience and faster recovery from stress In Martin E. P. Seligman’s well-being theory, human flourishing goes beyond individual happiness; it also encompass psychological wellbeing. WELL-BEING THEORY by MARTIN E. P. SELIGMAN PERMA model There are five pillars under the Well-Being Theory: 1. POSITIVE EMOTION Positive emotion is joy, interest contentment and love contrary to negative emotions. It contributes to a pleasant life. 2. ENGAGEMENT Perform everything with enthusiasm. Conscious with what they are doing. 3. RELATIONSHIPS RELATIONSHIP is formed through interactions or connections with other people. When there is relationship there is shared feelings and experiences with one another. Positive relationship is believed to be part of the evolution of humans. OREJANA, ROMMEL C. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY LECTURE 5: THE GOOD LIFE Adopt the fact that some things are not within our control Aristotle was the first philosopher who approached the THEISM problem of reality from a “scientific” lens. And the first thinker who dabbled into the complex problematization Most people find the meaning of their lives using of the end goal of life: HAPPINESS God as a fulcrum of their existence. The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the communion with God. HUMANISM Espouses the freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to legislate his own laws. Man is literally the captain of his own ship. Main focus are individual autonomy and self- determination One must find the truth about WHAT THE GOOD IS before one can even try to locate that which is good INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL VIRTUES INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES enhance cognitive abilities that support moral reasoning and societal contribution. MORAL VIRTUES require practical wisdom and habitual practice. It is a controlled by practical wisdom and owes its development to how one nurtured it as habit. QUESTION: Patience is the ability to endure difficult circumstances. How do Aristotle's and Plato's views on the relationship Courage is the choice and willingness to between happiness and morality reflect their broader confront uncertainty. philosophical frameworks? Persistence in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success. “Both philosophers see happiness and morality as interconnected but with differing approaches to People who are good thinkers know a lot of things; they achieving the "good life. " are intelligent people with reasonably high intelligence quotient DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT However, an individual who is wise and knowledgeable MATERIALISM can also become lazy, irresponsible, arrogant, careless, First materialists were the atomists in ancient dishonest or close-minded at the same time. Greece— Democritus and Leucippus. Intellectual virtues have the following key features: The world is made up of and is controlled by the tiny indivisible units in the world called Atomos They are acquired. or seeds-the world is made up of matter. They are excellent character traits They involve human emotions, intentions, HEDONISM motivations, and values. End goal of life is acquiring pleasure. They are aimed at cognitive goods. Life is about obtaining and indulging in pleasure PLEASURE VS HAPPINESS because life is limited. “Eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we die” PLEASURE advocated by Epicurus. Epicurus said that the idea of life is about STOICISM obtaining pleasure. Significant component of happiness The idea that to generate happiness , one must This feeling will not last a lifetime learn to distance oneself and be apathetic. Stoic focus on self-control with a collective approach to happiness. Apatheia—means to be indifferent. OREJANA, ROMMEL C. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY HAPPINESS A state of well-being and contentment that encompasses living a good life with a sense of meaning and deep satisfaction Considered as a higher level of satisfaction PUBLIC “GOOD” It is an item or service that must be consumed without reducing the amount available for others and cannot be withheld from those who do not pay for it. TYPES OF PUBLIC GOOD 1. “PUBLIC” PUBLIC GOODS Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable, which can challenge equitable access if underprovided. Public goods are in the interest not only of the individual public but the entire nation as well Ex. National defense, education, health services, trade and industry, streetlights, law and order, and national defense 2. “PRIVATE” PUBLIC GOODS Set up by the Private sector either solely or in participation with the government since the private sector sees their realization as profitable The general public benefits from them as well either as customers or as free riders. 3. “MIXED” PUBLIC GOODS Undertaken by some private organizations or civil societies for the common good of the communal or national public Basically, service oriented Sooner they become private corporations or cooperatives PUBLIC “BADS” Negative goods which the general public scorns Avoided or not tolerated by both the private and public sectors Example corruption, pollution, crimes, GREEN ECONOMY A result of improved human well-being and social equity while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, UNEP (2010) Green Economy is integrating policies that promote resource efficiency and low-carbon technologies. Five Principles includes: 1. WELL BEING 2. JUSTICE AND GOOD GOVERNANCE 3. POVERTY ERADICATION 4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND; 5. LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT. OREJANA, ROMMEL C.