Darwin's Theory of Evolution Quiz
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Darwin's Theory of Evolution Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a desirable characteristic in offspring due to artificial selection?

  • Faster growth rate
  • Disease resistance
  • Higher yield
  • Natural habitat adaptability (correct)

    • Trace fossils include preserved remains of the actual organism.

    False

    List one of the conditions necessary for the formation of fossils.

    Lack of decomposers

    A cast fossil is formed when a mould fossil is filled with __________.

    <p>sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of fossil with its description:

    <p>Trace fossil = Captures activities of organisms True form fossil = Actual organism or parts of it Mould fossil = Hollow imprint of an organism Cast fossil = Replica formed from filling a mould</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Darwin's concept of variation?

    <p>All members of a species show variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Darwin, a higher birth rate than resource availability leads to a decrease in population size.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between micro-evolution and macro-evolution?

    <p>Micro-evolution involves small changes within a population over short time periods, while macro-evolution refers to large-scale changes that can lead to the formation of new species over longer periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lamarck's theory of evolution involves the inheritance of acquired traits, such as a giraffe stretching its neck to reach higher leaves causing its offspring to have a longer neck. This is known as ______.

    <p>use and disuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following key points of allopatric speciation with their descriptions:

    <p>Variation population = The initial diversity in traits within a population. Geo barrier causes separation = Physical barriers that separate populations. Diff selection pressures = Different environmental influences on isolated populations. Each population evolves isolated = The process leading to the development of new species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of artificial selection?

    <p>To breed plants or animals with desirable characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artificial selection occurs naturally without human intervention.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of accumulation in evolution?

    <p>The process in which inherited traits are selected and become more frequent in the gene pool over generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is natural selection primarily driven by?

    <p>The struggle for survival and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only mutations in germline cells can be inherited by offspring.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of new species from an existing species?

    <p>Speciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ________ is any feature of the environment that favours one characteristic over another.

    <p>selection pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of mutations with their effects on survival:

    <p>Beneficial mutations = Increase survival chances Deleterious mutations = Negatively affect survival Neutral mutations = No effect on survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in allopatric speciation?

    <p>Artificial selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gene flow can make populations more genetically distinct.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of mutation positively affects an organism's chances of survival?

    <p>Beneficial mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ is the total sum of all the different types of genes in all individuals of a population.

    <p>gene pool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reproduction contributes to genetic variation in a population?

    <p>Sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Darwin's Theory of Evolution

    • Darwin's theory of evolution has three main ideas: variation, birth rate, and nature's balance.
    • Variation exists within all species, with individuals showing a range of traits.
    • Birth rates generally exceed the availability of resources, leading to competition for survival.
    • Despite high birth rates, population numbers remain relatively constant.

    Adaptation over Time

    • Environments are constantly changing.
    • Organisms with favorable traits are better suited for these changing environments.
    • The gene pool of a population changes over time, leading to further evolution.

    Micro-evolution vs. Macro-evolution

    • Micro-evolution refers to small, gradual genetic changes within a population over short periods.
    • Macro-evolution is the accumulation of micro-evolutionary changes over extended periods, potentially leading to new species formation.

    Lamarck's Theory of Evolution

    • Lamarck believed that acquired traits (changes within an organism's lifetime) could be passed down to offspring.
    • This theory is incorrect; acquired traits are not generally heritable.

    Allopatric Speciation

    • Variation exists within a population.
    • A geographic barrier isolates a population, preventing gene flow between subpopulations.
    • Different selection pressures act on each isolated subpopulation, leading to independent evolution.
    • Over time, the gene pools of the subpopulations diverge, eventually becoming so distinct that they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

    Artificial Selection

    • Humans intentionally breed organisms with desirable traits, hoping to produce offspring with enhanced characteristics.
    • This process is repeated over many generations to amplify desired traits.

    Variation

    • Variation refers to the diversity of traits within a population, encompassing both phenotypic (observable) and genotypic (genetic) differences.
    • Variation is influenced by sexual reproduction, mutations, and the environment.

    Species

    • A species is a group of organisms sharing similar characteristics that can interbreed successfully to produce fertile offspring.

    Gene pool

    • The gene pool encompasses all the different genes present within a population.

    Adaptation

    • An adaptation is an inherited trait that increases an organism's chances of survival and reproduction.

    Allopatric Speciation Steps

    • Variation exists within all populations.
    • Isolation occurs when a population splits due to a geographical barrier, hindering gene flow between subpopulations.
    • Selection pressures favor different traits in each isolated subpopulation, causing their gene pools to evolve independently.
    • Speciation results when the two populations accumulate sufficient genetic differences to become distinct species, unable to interbreed successfully.

    Speciation

    • Speciation is the formation of two or more new species from a single ancestral species.

    Mutation

    • Mutations are permanent changes to an organism's DNA sequence.
    • Mutations can occur in germline (reproductive) cells, affecting offspring, or in somatic (body) cells, affecting only the individual.

    Factors Influencing Phenotype

    • An organism's observable characteristics (phenotype) are determined by its genotype (genetic makeup) and interactions with the environment.

    Mutagens

    • Mutagens are environmental or physical agents that increase the frequency of mutations.

    Somatic Cell Mutations

    • Mutations in somatic cells affect only the individual and its daughter cells.

    Selection Pressures

    • Selection pressures are environmental factors that favor certain traits over others, influencing which individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce.

    Natural Selection

    • Natural selection is the process where organisms with beneficial adaptations for their environment are better able to survive and reproduce, passing on their traits.

    How Natural Selection Leads to Evolution

    • Variation exists within populations.
    • More offspring are produced than can survive, creating competition for resources.
    • Individuals with favorable characteristics outcompete those with less favorable traits.
    • Survivors reproduce, passing on beneficial characteristics.
    • The frequency of favorable alleles increases in the gene pool over generations.

    Gene Flow

    • Gene flow is the movement of genes between populations through interbreeding.
    • It introduces new genes into populations, making them more genetically similar.

    Desirable Characteristics in Artificial Selection

    • Desired traits in organisms often include disease resistance, faster growth, higher yield, tolerance to adverse conditions, improved product quality, and increased meat production.

    Fossils

    • Fossils are preserved remains or traces of organisms from over 10,000 years ago.
    • Fossil formation requires specific conditions, including the absence of decomposers, oxygen, and water, as well as low temperatures.

    Types of Fossils

    • Trace fossils capture the activities of organisms (e.g., footprints, burrows).
    • True form fossils preserve the actual organism or parts (e.g., insects in amber).
    • Mould fossils are impressions formed by an organism that hardens.
    • Cast fossils are formed when sediment fills a mould, creating a replica of the organism.

    Cast Fossil Formation

    • An animal dies and its skeleton settles on the seafloor, becoming buried by sediment.
    • Sediment thickens and turns to stone around the skeleton.
    • Groundwater dissolves the skeleton, leaving a mould behind.
    • Minerals from the groundwater crystallize within the mould, forming a cast.

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    Biology Evolution Revision PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of Darwin's theory of evolution, including key concepts like variation, birth rates, and nature's balance. Explore the differences between micro-evolution and macro-evolution, and learn about Lamarck's theory. This quiz will help reinforce your knowledge of evolutionary biology.

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