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Cellular Respiration and NAD+ Overview
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Cellular Respiration and NAD+ Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the end product of alcohol fermentation?

  • Lactate
  • Acetic acid
  • Ethanol and CO2 (correct)
  • Glucose

    • Which organisms primarily utilize lactic acid fermentation?

  • Yeast and bacteria
  • Red blood cells and muscle cells (correct)
  • Fungi and protozoa
  • Plants and algae

    • What is the ATP yield from pyruvate oxidation?

  • 0 ATP (correct)
  • 4 ATP
  • 2 ATP
  • 1 ATP

    • During glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are consumed initially?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many NADH molecules are generated in the citric acid cycle per glucose molecule?

    <p>6 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cellular respiration generates the majority of ATP?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net ATP gain from glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In lactic acid fermentation, what substance is primarily produced?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main products generated during pyruvate oxidation?

    <p>Acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of CO2 are produced from the oxidation of one glucose molecule?

    <p>4 molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the role of NADH produced during pyruvate oxidation?

    <p>It carries electrons to the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cycle that pyruvate oxidation connects to for further oxidation of Acetyl-CoA?

    <p>Citric Acid Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the cell does the citric acid cycle take place?

    <p>Mitochondrial matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle from one glucose molecule?

    <p>Acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is energy generated during the citric acid cycle?

    <p>By substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For each glucose molecule entering the citric acid cycle, how many NADH molecules are produced?

    <p>4 NADH molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport chain?

    <p>They donate electrons to the chain of carriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly summarizes the total ATP yield from one glucose molecule through the entire process?

    <p>Around 30-32 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily powers ATP synthase during the ATP synthesis process?

    <p>The proton gradient across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the theoretical maximum yield of ATP per glucose molecule differ between eukaryotes and bacteria?

    <p>Energy losses occur in NADH transport in eukaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of the electron transport chain?

    <p>Creating a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP are produced during glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT a source of direct ATP production during glucose oxidation?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for the variations in actual ATP yields during the complete oxidation of glucose?

    <p>Internal mitochondrial processes using the proton gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

    <p>Convert ADP to ATP using energy from protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is NAD+ primarily regenerated through oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>When oxygen is available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathways are involved in regenerating NAD+ in the absence of oxygen?

    <p>Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the electron transport chain (ETC) play in cellular respiration?

    <p>It is responsible for the majority of ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex in the electron transport chain does NADH transfer its electrons to?

    <p>Complex I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain?

    <p>Electrons move from a less electronegative to a more electronegative component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the regeneration of NAD+ support glycolysis?

    <p>It allows glycolysis to continue and produce ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process through which ATP is synthesized in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

    <p>To synthesize ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP are directly produced during glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process primarily accounts for the majority of ATP generated during glucose oxidation?

    <p>Electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that can reduce the efficiency of ATP production?

    <p>Transport of NADH into the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated theoretical maximum yield of ATP per glucose molecule in bacteria?

    <p>38 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cycle produces the most electron carriers like NADH and FADH2?

    <p>Citric acid cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to protons (H+) as electrons are passed down the electron carriers?

    <p>They are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason the actual ATP yield can vary when glucose is oxidized?

    <p>Variability in proton leak across membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    NAD+ in Cellular Respiration

    • NAD+ is crucial for cellular respiration.
    • NAD+ captures energy from glucose breakdown.
    • NADH delivers energy to the Electron Transport Chain for ATP production.
    • NAD+ regenerates from NADH through oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic) or fermentation (anaerobic).

    Electron Transport Chain

    • The ETC is the final stage of aerobic respiration, responsible for most ATP production.
    • Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
    • ETC consists of protein complexes and electron carriers.
    • Creates a proton gradient for ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis.
    • NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the ETC.
    • NADH enters at Complex I, FADH2 enters at Complex II.
    • Electron flow through the ETC releases energy.

    Pyruvate Oxidation

    • Converts pyruvate (from glycolysis) into Acetyl-CoA.
    • Produces CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration.
    • Produces NADH, which carries electrons to the ETC for ATP synthesis.
    • Links glycolysis to the Citric Acid Cycle by transforming pyruvate into a form that can enter the cycle.

    Citric Acid Cycle

    • Also known as the Krebs Cycle or TCA cycle.
    • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
    • Completely oxidizes Acetyl-CoA, producing:
      • 2 ATP molecules (substrate-level phosphorylation)
      • 4 CO2 molecules, representing complete glucose oxidation.
      • 6 NADH molecules.
      • 2 FADH2 molecules.

    Fermentation

    • Anaerobic process that regenerates NAD+ from NADH.
    • Allows glycolysis to continue producing limited ATP.
    • Two main types:
      • Lactic Acid Fermentation: produces lactate (lactic acid)
      • Alcohol Fermentation: produces ethanol and CO2

    ATP Accounting

    • ATP yield varies significantly depending on the metabolic efficiency of the cell.
    • Estimated theoretical maximum yield is 38 ATP per glucose.
    • Actual yield in eukaryotes typically ranges from 30-36 ATP.
    • Factors influencing ATP yield:
      • The efficiency of NADH transport into mitochondria.
      • The leakiness of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
      • Use of proton gradient for other processes.

    ATP Synthase

    • A protein complex embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
    • Responsible for ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis.
    • Driven by the proton gradient established by the ETC.
    • The movement of protons through ATP synthase powers ATP synthesis.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential roles of NAD+ in cellular respiration, particularly its functions in energy capture and transfer during electron transport. It discusses pyruvate oxidation and the final stages of aerobic respiration, highlighting the importance of ATP production. Test your knowledge on these critical biochemical processes!

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