Questions and Answers
What is cellular respiration?
The process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds.
What is photosynthesis?
The process in which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy.
Which types of organisms undergo cellular respiration?
Both autotrophs and heterotrophs.
What happens when organic compounds are broken down into simpler compounds?
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What is the energy released by the organic compound mostly used to do?
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What are the products of cellular respiration?
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What are the two stages of cellular respiration?
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What is glycolysis?
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How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration depend on each other?
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What does anaerobic mean?
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What happens to pyruvic acid with no oxygen present?
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What type of reaction occurs in cellular respiration?
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What is the cellular respiration equation?
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Where do the reactions of glycolysis take place?
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What is the net yield of ATP in glycolysis?
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How many NADH molecules are produced in glycolysis?
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What is regenerated in fermentation?
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How many carbons are in lactic acid?
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What is alcoholic fermentation?
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Where does the Krebs cycle take place in eukaryotes?
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Who is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain?
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What is the efficiency of cellular respiration?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration Overview
- Cellular respiration produces ATP by breaking down organic compounds.
- Both autotrophs (organisms that produce their own food) and heterotrophs (organisms that consume others for food) undergo cellular respiration.
Photosynthesis Relationship
- Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy in autotrophs.
- The products of photosynthesis serve as reactants in cellular respiration, highlighting their interdependence.
Breakdown of Organic Compounds
- The breakdown of organic compounds releases energy, which is primarily used to produce ATP.
- Major products of cellular respiration include carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and ATP.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
- Two primary stages are glycolysis and aerobic respiration.
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and converts one glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid, yielding 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
Glycolysis Steps
- Step one: ATP donates phosphate groups to glucose, forming glucose-6-phosphate.
- Step two: The 6-carbon molecule splits into two 3-carbon molecules called G3P.
- Step three: G3P loses electrons and gains phosphate, transforming NAD+ into NADH.
- Step four: Phosphates are removed, generating pyruvic acid and producing ATP from ADP.
Anaerobic vs Aerobic Conditions
- In the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid undergoes fermentation, while in oxygen's presence, it enters aerobic respiration.
- Anaerobic fermentation regenerates NAD+ but does not produce ATP; common pathways include lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
Fermentation Types
- Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid and occurs in muscle cells under strenuous exercise.
- Alcoholic fermentation, utilized by plant cells and unicellular organisms, converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and releases CO2.
Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
- Aerobic respiration involves the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC).
- The Krebs cycle breaks down acetyl CoA and takes place in the mitochondria, producing CO2, hydrogen atoms, and ATP.
Final Electron Acceptors and Energy Yield
- The final electron acceptor in the ETC is oxygen, which plays a crucial role in cellular energy production.
- Aerobic respiration generates approximately 20 times more ATP compared to glycolysis.
Energy Efficiency
- The efficiency of glycolysis is measured as the energy required to create ATP over the energy released by glucose oxidation.
- The overall efficiency of cellular respiration is calculated similarly, conveying how effectively glucose is converted into usable energy.
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Description
Explore the essential processes of cellular respiration, including its relationship with photosynthesis and the breakdown of organic compounds. Learn about the stages of cellular respiration, such as glycolysis and aerobic respiration, and understand how ATP is produced. Dive into the interdependence of autotrophs and heterotrophs in these vital biological processes.
