Cell Injury and Eukaryotic Cell Function Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

DNA replication

Control center of the cell (correct)

ATP production

Protein synthesis

Which type of cellular change is characterized by an increase in cell size without an increase in the number of cells?

Hypertrophy (correct)

Hyperplasia

Dysplasia

Atrophy

What is a key feature of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Store genetic information

Involved in protein synthesis

Generate ATP through cellular respiration (correct)

Surrounded by a rigid cell wall

Which of the following statements correctly describes the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Studded with ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of cellular injury is least likely to be reversible?

Radiation damage to DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cellular adaptation involves the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another?

Metaplasia Signup and view all the answers

What process actively generates energy in the form of ATP within the mitochondria?

Cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Golgi apparatus play in cellular function?

Modification and packaging of proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the plasma membrane in a cell?

Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell Signup and view all the answers

How do lysosomes contribute to cellular function?

They contain digestive enzymes that break down waste and debris Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What role do vacuoles play in plant cells?

They maintain turgor pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the cytoskeleton?

To provide structural support and facilitate movement Signup and view all the answers

What is differentiation in cellular biology?

The mechanism by which unspecialised cells become specialised for a function Signup and view all the answers

How does the cell cycle affect cell populations?

It regulates the balance between new cell growth and old cell death Signup and view all the answers

In what circumstance might normal cell replacement become abnormal?

When the control mechanisms regulating cell growth malfunction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tumor is characterized by the ability to invade surrounding tissues?

Malignant Tumours Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a growth that is not yet cancerous but has the potential to become malignant?

Precancerous Growths Signup and view all the answers

What is aplasia likely to cause if it occurs in the bone marrow?

Aplastic Anaemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cancers arises from epithelial cells?

Carcinomas Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response is indicated by an increase in cell size, commonly seen in muscle tissues due to exercise?

Hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tumor typically has a slow growth rate and does not spread to other parts of the body?

Benign Tumours Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is characterized by the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells?

Leukaemias Signup and view all the answers

What process leads to cellular death as a result of severe or prolonged injury?

Apoptosis or Necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is hypoplasia primarily characterized by?

Incomplete development due to an inadequate number of cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of squamous metaplasia in the respiratory tract?

Replacement of columnar epithelium by squamous epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines dysplasia?

Abnormal growth or development of cells indicating early malignancy changes Signup and view all the answers

What type of dysplasia is commonly associated with HPV infection?

Cervical dysplasia Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is crucial to understanding the direct effects of radiation interaction with cells?

It affects critical cellular components such as DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between dysplasia and hypoplasia?

Hypoplasia is due to inadequate cell numbers, whereas dysplasia is abnormal cell development Signup and view all the answers

What is true about metaplasia in relation to environmental stressors?

It can be a normal response to environmental stressors Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the underdevelopment observed in optic nerve hypoplasia?

Reduction in the number of optic nerve cells leading to visual impairments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes indirect effects of ionizing radiation on DNA?

They generate highly reactive molecules that damage DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What type of DNA alteration is characterized by the removal of a section of the chromosome?

Deletion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes results in a section of a chromosome being added to another chromosome?

Translocation Signup and view all the answers

In what way does ionizing radiation primarily cause DNA damage?

By interacting with water in the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation involves the reversal of the orientation of a chromosomal segment?

Inversion Signup and view all the answers

If a cell has undergone unregulated growth, what could be a potential reason?

Abnormal cellular growth due to DNA damage. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a known way in which DNA can be damaged?

Cloning Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to happen if DNA damage is not repaired in a cell?

It may lead to cancer due to unregulated cell growth. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Injury and Cellular Adaptation

Cells have various functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction
Abnormal growth types include: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia
Ionizing radiation has direct and indirect effects on DNA
DNA can be damaged in five distinct ways by ionizing radiation
Human cells: approximately 20-30 trillion cells with roughly 200 different types, including red/white blood cells, muscle, nerve, skin, bone, and fat cells
Cells can be injured by physical, chemical, biological, or radiation factors
Cells can repair themselves in certain situations, using repair enzymes to fix DNA damage

Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function

Eukaryotic cells are complex and organised, with numerous specialized organelles
Nucleus: controls cellular activities, houses DNA, and is surrounded by an envelope with pores
Mitochondria: considered the "powerhouse of the cell," generates ATP, and contains its own DNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER synthesizes and modifies proteins; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies
Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids
Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes for waste breakdown
Ribosomes: synthesize proteins
Cytoskeleton: provides structure, facilitates movement and division
Plasma membrane: controls substance entry/exit, and provides protection
Vacuoles: store nutrients, waste, and maintain turgor pressure (mostly in plant cells)

Cell Growth and Differentiation

Cell populations grow exponentially
Cell cycle controls cell division
Normal cells maintain a balance between new cell growth and cell death
Cell replacement rate depends on tissue type and normal turn-over rate
Differentiation: specialized development of cells, often from stem cells
Control mechanisms regulate cell differentiation, size, and organ size

Abnormal Cell Growth

Benign tumors: non-cancerous, slow-growing, and non-spreading
Precancerous growths: cells that can become malignant over time
Malignant tumors (cancer): cancerous growths that invade and metastasize. Categorized into carcinomas (epithelial), sarcomas (connective tissue), and leukemias (blood and bone marrow)
Aplasia: absence or incomplete development of tissue or organ

Cellular Responses to Injury

Adaptation: cells change structure/function to cope with mild stress
Reversible injury: cells recover after removal of harmful stimuli
Irreversible injury: severe/prolonged injury leads to necrosis or apoptosis

Ionizing Radiation and Cell Damage

Ionizing radiation can damage cells directly by interacting with DNA or indirectly by interacting with water, producing highly reactive molecules that damage DNA.
Direct effects are less common than indirect effects in medically administered radiation
Five types of DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation: Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation and Point Mutations

Types of Cellular Adaptation

Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
Hypoplasia: underdevelopment of tissue/organ, often congenital
Metaplasia: replacement of one cell type with another
Dysplasia: abnormal growth and development, often a precursor to cancer

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on cell injury, cellular adaptation, and the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. This quiz covers topics such as cellular functions, types of abnormal growth, and mechanisms of DNA damage and repair. Explore how cells maintain their integrity and perform vital roles in the body.