Cell Injury and Eukaryotic Cell Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

  • DNA replication
  • Control center of the cell (correct)
  • ATP production
  • Protein synthesis
  • Which type of cellular change is characterized by an increase in cell size without an increase in the number of cells?

  • Hypertrophy (correct)
  • Hyperplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Atrophy
  • What is a key feature of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

  • Store genetic information
  • Involved in protein synthesis
  • Generate ATP through cellular respiration (correct)
  • Surrounded by a rigid cell wall
  • Which of the following statements correctly describes the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Studded with ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of cellular injury is least likely to be reversible?

    <p>Radiation damage to DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cellular adaptation involves the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another?

    <p>Metaplasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process actively generates energy in the form of ATP within the mitochondria?

    <p>Cellular respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Golgi apparatus play in cellular function?

    <p>Modification and packaging of proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the plasma membrane in a cell?

    <p>Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lysosomes contribute to cellular function?

    <p>They contain digestive enzymes that break down waste and debris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do vacuoles play in plant cells?

    <p>They maintain turgor pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>To provide structural support and facilitate movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is differentiation in cellular biology?

    <p>The mechanism by which unspecialised cells become specialised for a function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cell cycle affect cell populations?

    <p>It regulates the balance between new cell growth and old cell death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what circumstance might normal cell replacement become abnormal?

    <p>When the control mechanisms regulating cell growth malfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumor is characterized by the ability to invade surrounding tissues?

    <p>Malignant Tumours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a growth that is not yet cancerous but has the potential to become malignant?

    <p>Precancerous Growths (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is aplasia likely to cause if it occurs in the bone marrow?

    <p>Aplastic Anaemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cancers arises from epithelial cells?

    <p>Carcinomas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response is indicated by an increase in cell size, commonly seen in muscle tissues due to exercise?

    <p>Hypertrophy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumor typically has a slow growth rate and does not spread to other parts of the body?

    <p>Benign Tumours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer is characterized by the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells?

    <p>Leukaemias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to cellular death as a result of severe or prolonged injury?

    <p>Apoptosis or Necrosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypoplasia primarily characterized by?

    <p>Incomplete development due to an inadequate number of cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of squamous metaplasia in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Replacement of columnar epithelium by squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines dysplasia?

    <p>Abnormal growth or development of cells indicating early malignancy changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dysplasia is commonly associated with HPV infection?

    <p>Cervical dysplasia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is crucial to understanding the direct effects of radiation interaction with cells?

    <p>It affects critical cellular components such as DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between dysplasia and hypoplasia?

    <p>Hypoplasia is due to inadequate cell numbers, whereas dysplasia is abnormal cell development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about metaplasia in relation to environmental stressors?

    <p>It can be a normal response to environmental stressors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the underdevelopment observed in optic nerve hypoplasia?

    <p>Reduction in the number of optic nerve cells leading to visual impairments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes indirect effects of ionizing radiation on DNA?

    <p>They generate highly reactive molecules that damage DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of DNA alteration is characterized by the removal of a section of the chromosome?

    <p>Deletion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes results in a section of a chromosome being added to another chromosome?

    <p>Translocation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does ionizing radiation primarily cause DNA damage?

    <p>By interacting with water in the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation involves the reversal of the orientation of a chromosomal segment?

    <p>Inversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a cell has undergone unregulated growth, what could be a potential reason?

    <p>Abnormal cellular growth due to DNA damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a known way in which DNA can be damaged?

    <p>Cloning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to happen if DNA damage is not repaired in a cell?

    <p>It may lead to cancer due to unregulated cell growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Eukaryotic Cell Function

    Eukaryotic cells control growth, metabolism, and reproduction, housing DNA in a nucleus.

    Mitochondria Function

    Mitochondria produce energy (ATP) for cellular activities through cellular respiration.

    Rough ER Function

    Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and helps synthesize and modify proteins.

    Smooth ER Function

    Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances.

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    Cell Injury Causes

    Cell injuries can result from physical, chemical, biological, or radiation factors.

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    Cell Repair

    Cells can repair themselves under certain circumstances with repair enzymes that restore function.

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    Number of Human Cells

    There are approximately 20-30 trillion cells in the human body.

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    Number of Human Cell Types

    Approximately 200 different cell types exist.

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    Irreversible Injury

    Severe or prolonged damage to a cell that cannot be repaired, leading to cell death through processes like necrosis or apoptosis.

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    Benign Tumour

    A non-cancerous growth of cells that typically grows slowly and doesn't spread to other parts of the body.

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    Precancerous Growth

    Cells that are not yet cancerous but have the potential to become malignant over time, like dysplasia or certain polyps.

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    Metastasis

    The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other parts of the body.

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    Carcinoma

    Cancer arising from epithelial cells, found in tissues like skin, lungs, and glands.

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    Sarcoma

    Cancer originating in connective tissues like bone, muscle, and fat.

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    Leukaemia

    Cancer affecting blood and bone marrow, characterized by an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

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    Aplasia

    The absence or defective development of an organ or tissue, which can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life.

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    Cell Growth Rate

    The speed at which a cell population increases in size. In normal conditions, the rate of new cell growth balances the rate of old cell death after maturity is reached.

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    Cell Replacement Rate

    The frequency at which cells are replaced with new ones. This rate varies depending on the type of tissue and its normal turnover rate.

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    Cell Differentiation

    The process by which unspecialized cells develop specific functions and structures, becoming specialized cells.

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    Cell Growth Control

    The mechanism regulating cell size, organ size, and differentiation. It ensures a balance between cell production and destruction.

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    What happens when cell growth control goes wrong?

    Abnormal growth can occur when the control mechanism malfunctions, leading to uncontrolled cell division and potentially cancer.

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    Cell Adaptation

    Cells can adjust their structure or function to cope with mild stressful conditions.

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    Reversible Cell Injury

    When a cell is exposed to a harmful stimulus but can recover to its normal state once the stimulus is removed.

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    Cellular Response to Injury

    When injured, cells can adapt, undergo reversible injury, or suffer irreversible damage leading to death.

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    Hypoplasia

    Underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ caused by a lack of cells. Often present at birth.

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    Optic Nerve Hypoplasia

    Underdevelopment of the optic nerve, leading to vision problems or blindness.

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    Squamous Metaplasia

    Normal columnar epithelium in the respiratory tract is replaced by squamous epithelium due to chronic irritation (e.g., smoking).

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    Cervical Dysplasia

    Abnormal changes in the cells on the surface of the cervix, often caused by HPV infection.

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    Direct Radiation Damage

    Radiation directly interacts with DNA molecules or other critical cellular components.

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    Indirect Radiation Damage

    Radiation interacts with water in the cell, creating free radicals that damage DNA and other components.

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    Indirect Radiation Effects

    Radiation damage occurs when radiation interacts with water within cells, creating highly reactive molecules that damage DNA.

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    Deletion Mutation

    A portion of DNA is removed from a chromosome, leading to a loss of genetic information.

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    Duplication Mutation

    A segment of DNA is copied, resulting in an extra copy of genetic information.

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    Inversion Mutation

    A section of DNA within a chromosome is reversed, flipping the order of genetic information.

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    Insertion Mutation

    Extra DNA is added to a chromosome, potentially altering the sequence and function of genes.

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    Translocation Mutation

    A portion of one chromosome is moved to a non-homologous chromosome, disrupting the arrangement of genes.

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    Uncontrolled Cell Growth

    Cells divide abnormally, leading to the formation of tumors and potential cancer development.

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    DNA Damage Repair

    Cells have mechanisms to repair damaged DNA, preventing mutations and potential cancer development.

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    Study Notes

    Cell Injury and Cellular Adaptation

    • Cells have various functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction
    • Abnormal growth types include: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia
    • Ionizing radiation has direct and indirect effects on DNA
    • DNA can be damaged in five distinct ways by ionizing radiation
    • Human cells: approximately 20-30 trillion cells with roughly 200 different types, including red/white blood cells, muscle, nerve, skin, bone, and fat cells
    • Cells can be injured by physical, chemical, biological, or radiation factors
    • Cells can repair themselves in certain situations, using repair enzymes to fix DNA damage

    Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function

    • Eukaryotic cells are complex and organised, with numerous specialized organelles
    • Nucleus: controls cellular activities, houses DNA, and is surrounded by an envelope with pores
    • Mitochondria: considered the "powerhouse of the cell," generates ATP, and contains its own DNA
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER synthesizes and modifies proteins; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies
    • Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids
    • Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes for waste breakdown
    • Ribosomes: synthesize proteins
    • Cytoskeleton: provides structure, facilitates movement and division
    • Plasma membrane: controls substance entry/exit, and provides protection
    • Vacuoles: store nutrients, waste, and maintain turgor pressure (mostly in plant cells)

    Cell Growth and Differentiation

    • Cell populations grow exponentially
    • Cell cycle controls cell division
    • Normal cells maintain a balance between new cell growth and cell death
    • Cell replacement rate depends on tissue type and normal turn-over rate
    • Differentiation: specialized development of cells, often from stem cells
    • Control mechanisms regulate cell differentiation, size, and organ size

    Abnormal Cell Growth

    • Benign tumors: non-cancerous, slow-growing, and non-spreading
    • Precancerous growths: cells that can become malignant over time
    • Malignant tumors (cancer): cancerous growths that invade and metastasize. Categorized into carcinomas (epithelial), sarcomas (connective tissue), and leukemias (blood and bone marrow)
    • Aplasia: absence or incomplete development of tissue or organ

    Cellular Responses to Injury

    • Adaptation: cells change structure/function to cope with mild stress
    • Reversible injury: cells recover after removal of harmful stimuli
    • Irreversible injury: severe/prolonged injury leads to necrosis or apoptosis

    Ionizing Radiation and Cell Damage

    • Ionizing radiation can damage cells directly by interacting with DNA or indirectly by interacting with water, producing highly reactive molecules that damage DNA.
    • Direct effects are less common than indirect effects in medically administered radiation
    • Five types of DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation: Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation and Point Mutations

    Types of Cellular Adaptation

    • Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
    • Hypoplasia: underdevelopment of tissue/organ, often congenital
    • Metaplasia: replacement of one cell type with another
    • Dysplasia: abnormal growth and development, often a precursor to cancer

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cell injury, cellular adaptation, and the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. This quiz covers topics such as cellular functions, types of abnormal growth, and mechanisms of DNA damage and repair. Explore how cells maintain their integrity and perform vital roles in the body.

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