Cell Injury and Adaptation

Cell injury occurs when cells are stressed and cannot adapt to ______.

Atrophy is a ______ process except when it is caused by loss of nerve supply.

Hypertrophy occurs when a cell or tissue is exposed to ______ workload.

Metaplasia is a process in which one cell type is converted to ______ cell type.

Prolonged smoking causes columnar epithelium to change to ______ epithelium in respiratory passages.

Chronic ______ or inflammation can cause metaplasia.

Severe anemia reduces the ______ capacity of blood.

Chemical agents can alter ______ pressure around the cell, resulting in cell injury.

Infectious agents include ______, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and rickettsiae.

Cellular swelling is caused by the accumulation of ______ due to failure of active transporters and cell membrane integrity.

Cellular accumulation can lead to the buildup of ______, protein, calcium, and uric acid.

Necrosis occurs due to ______, toxins, infections, and trauma.

Pyknosis is characterized by the nucleus ______

In Karyorrhexis, the pyknotic nucleus is ______

In Karyolysis, DNA is degraded by ______

Coagulative Necrosis is characterized by dead cells, but tissue structure remains intact for ______ to ______

In Liquefactive Necrosis, enzymes of leukocytes ______ the tissue

Liquefied necrotic tissue is creamy yellow due to the presence of ______

The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is activated in response to ______ damage or lack of oxygen or nutrients.

Caspases have two actions: catalyze mass ______ in the cytoplasm and activate nucleases.

The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis depends on ______ Activated from inside the cell.

Bcl2 proteins are ______ regulators of apoptosis that control release of mitochondrial proteins to the cytoplasm.

Apoptosis depends on ______ proteins: proteolytic enzymes.

Released mitochondrial proteins activated ______ that catalyze mass proteolysis and activate nucleases.

Bcl2 proteins cause dimerization of ______ proteins

Cytochrome c in cytosol activates ______ which have two actions

Cells fragment into membrane-bound pieces (apoptotic bodies), which are phagocytosed by ______

The induction of apoptosis by the mitochondrial pathway involves the action of sensors and effectors of the ______ family

Engagement of ______ receptors leads directly to caspase activation

Mitochondrial proteins, especially ______, leak into cytosol