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Questions and Answers
What is atrophy in cellular adaptation?
What is atrophy in cellular adaptation?
What does hypertrophy refer to in cellular adaptation?
What does hypertrophy refer to in cellular adaptation?
What condition is dysplasia a sign of in cellular adaptation?
What condition is dysplasia a sign of in cellular adaptation?
What characterizes hyperplasia in cellular response?
What characterizes hyperplasia in cellular response?
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What does metaplasia usually respond to?
What does metaplasia usually respond to?
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Which type of cellular injury occurs from a lack of essential resources like water or oxygen?
Which type of cellular injury occurs from a lack of essential resources like water or oxygen?
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What type of injury results from external toxins such as alcohol and cigarette smoke?
What type of injury results from external toxins such as alcohol and cigarette smoke?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of infectious injury?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of infectious injury?
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What major type of physical injury can result from exposure to radiation?
What major type of physical injury can result from exposure to radiation?
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What cellular injury mechanism is described as genetically determined metabolic errors?
What cellular injury mechanism is described as genetically determined metabolic errors?
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Study Notes
Challenges through Cells Life Span
- Cells are affected by stressors, health changes, and intrinsic/extrinsic factors, altering normal functioning.
- Cells continue functioning despite challenging conditions; however, severe or prolonged stress can injure or destroy them.
- When threatened, cells utilize reserves to adapt or may enter a state of dysfunction, leading to cell death if reserves are inadequate.
Adaptive Cell Changes
- Adaptive changes include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia.
Atrophy
- A reversible reduction in cell size caused by:
- Disuse
- Insufficient blood flow
- Malnutrition
- Denervation
- Reduced endocrine stimulation
Hypertrophy
- Enlargement of cells due to increased workload.
- Can occur under normal physiological conditions or abnormal pathological conditions.
- An example includes an enlarged heart.
Hyperplasia
- Involves an increase in the number of cells.
- Triggered by:
- Increased workload
- Hormonal stimulation
- Decreased tissue
Dysplasia
- Deranged cell growth leading to abnormal size, shape, and appearance.
- These changes can be adaptive and potentially reversible but may precede cancerous changes.
Metaplasia
- The replacement of one adult cell type with another that can better endure stress or change.
- Typically a response to chronic inflammation or irritation.
Cellular Injury Overview
- Cellular injury disrupts the normal function and structure of cells, leading to disease due to loss of adaptability.
- Injury can be intrinsic (within the body) or extrinsic (from the environment).
Types of Cellular Injury
Toxic Injury
- Caused by both endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external) factors.
-
Endogenous Factors:
- Genetic metabolic errors
- Gross malformations
- Hypersensitivity reactions
-
Exogenous Factors:
- Substances such as alcohol, lead, carbon monoxide, cigarette smoke, pesticides, carcinogens, and immunosuppressive drugs.
Deficit Injury
- Occurs due to lack of essential elements like water, oxygen, or nutrients.
- Insufficient maintenance of temperature and waste disposal can lead to cellular dysfunction.
- A single deficiency can precipitate cell disruption or death.
Physical Injury
- Arises from disturbances in cell structure or relationships among organelles.
- Two primary forms:
- Thermal Injury: Caused by heat, electricity, or radiation.
- Mechanical Injury: Resulting from trauma or surgical interventions.
Infectious Injury
- Caused by various organisms, including viruses, fungi, protozoa, and bacteria.
- These pathogens compromise cellular integrity by disrupting synthesis and generating mutant cells.
- Example: HIV specifically targets T-cells, integrating its RNA into T-cell DNA, which prevents immune function and leads to proliferation of the virus.
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Description
This quiz explores cellular adaptation within the context of Nursing 302. It examines how stressors and health changes can impact cell functionality and the adaptive mechanisms cells employ to cope with such challenges. Test your understanding of how intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence cellular health.
