38 Questions
What is the role of cell death in embryonic development?
To help in digit formation
What is the term for non-programmed cell death?
Necrosis
What is the significance of apoptosis in maintaining the homeostasis of the organism?
It helps in eliminating damaged cells
What was the contribution of Carl Vogt in the field of apoptosis?
He described the principle of apoptosis in 1842
What is the term for the process of programmed cell death?
Apoptosis
What is the characteristic of apoptosis in terms of cell participation?
The cell is an active participant in its own demise
What is the consequence of lack of apoptosis in humans during embryonic development?
Webbed fingers
What is the term that comes from the ancient Greek, meaning the ‘falling of petals from a flower’ or ‘of leaves from a tree in autumn’?
Apoptosis
Which ligand binds to FasR (CD95/APO1) receptor?
FasL
What is the result of trimerization and clustering of Fas?
Recruitment of Fas-associated death domain (FADD) to Fas
What is the role of caspase-8 in apoptosis?
Autoactivation and activation of effector caspases
What is the outcome of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
Release of pro-apoptotic proteins from the mitochondria
What is the function of caspases in apoptosis?
Initiation and execution of apoptosis
What is the category of caspases that includes caspase-3?
Effector or Executioner caspases
What is the stimulus that initiates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
Radiation (DNA damage)
What is released from the mitochondria during apoptosis?
Pro-apoptotic proteins such as cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO
What is the outcome of caspase-9 activation?
Cell death
What is the main mechanism of action of the Bcl-2 family of proteins?
Regulation of cytochrome c release from the mitochondria
Which of the following proteins are anti-apoptotic?
Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bcl-XL, Bcl-w
What is the result of protein cleavage during apoptosis?
Activation of several proteases
Which of the following is a characteristic of apoptotic cells?
A distinctive constellation of biochemical modifications
What is a characteristic of DNA breakdown in apoptotic cells?
Breakdown into 50-300 kb pieces
What is the role of Apaf-1 in the apoptotic pathway?
Activation of caspase-9
What is the role of Ca2+ and Mg2+ dependent endonucleases in apoptotic cells?
To break down DNA into multiple 180-200 bp fragments
What is a characteristic of the membrane in apoptotic cells?
Expression of phosphatidylserine
What is the purpose of phosphatidylserine expression in apoptotic cells?
To allow for early recognition by macrophages
What is a morphological feature of apoptotic cells?
Cell shrinking and rounding up
What is a characteristic of necrosis?
Death of cells and tissues in the living animal
What is a general cause of necrosis?
Infection, toxins, and physical injury
What is a characteristic of necrotic cells?
Leakage of cellular contents
What is the source of enzymes that digest the necrotic cell?
From lysosomes of the dying cells themselves and leukocytes
What is the time frame for the development of digestion of cellular contents and the host response?
Hours to develop
What is the earliest time frame for microscopic evidence of necrosis to become apparent?
4 to 12 hours
What is a characteristic change in the cytoplasm of necrotic cells?
Eosinophilia
What is the type of cell death that occurs during development and normal biological processes?
Apoptosis
What is the type of cell death that occurs due to serious physical or chemical insults?
Necrosis
What is a characteristic feature of apoptotic cells?
Formation of apoptotic bodies
What is a characteristic feature of necrotic cells?
Volume enlargement
This quiz covers the fundamentals of cell death, including apoptosis and necrosis, and their roles in embryonic development and maintaining organism homeostasis.
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