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Questions and Answers
What is the result of the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondrial membrane?
What is the result of the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondrial membrane?
- Formation of a pro-apoptotic protein complex
- Activation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins
- Formation of the apoptosome and activation of the caspase cascade (correct)
- Blockage of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins
What is the function of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins?
What is the function of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins?
- To activate the caspase cascade
- To promote the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondrial membrane (correct)
- To block the action of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins
- To inhibit the formation of pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane
What is the role of the mitochondria in apoptosis?
What is the role of the mitochondria in apoptosis?
- To inhibit the formation of the apoptosome
- To activate the caspase cascade
- To prevent cell death
- To regulate the formation of pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane (correct)
What is the result of the balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins?
What is the result of the balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins?
What is the molecular weight of the complete apoptosome?
What is the molecular weight of the complete apoptosome?
What is the role of Apaf-1 in the apoptotic pathway?
What is the role of Apaf-1 in the apoptotic pathway?
What is the result of the activation of the caspase cascade?
What is the result of the activation of the caspase cascade?
What is the function of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins?
What is the function of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins?
What is essential for normal health and development?
What is essential for normal health and development?
What is the primary function of apoptosis in the immune system?
What is the primary function of apoptosis in the immune system?
What is the estimated number of cells that die through apoptosis per day in an average adult?
What is the estimated number of cells that die through apoptosis per day in an average adult?
Which of the following is NOT a function of apoptosis?
Which of the following is NOT a function of apoptosis?
What is the role of cytochrome C in apoptosis?
What is the role of cytochrome C in apoptosis?
What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
What is the role of initiator caspases in apoptosis?
What is the role of initiator caspases in apoptosis?
How often is the entire body weight of cells replaced through apoptosis?
How often is the entire body weight of cells replaced through apoptosis?
What is the function of effector caspases in apoptosis?
What is the function of effector caspases in apoptosis?
How do cancer cells often become resistant to apoptosis?
How do cancer cells often become resistant to apoptosis?
What is the primary function of apoptosis in embryo development?
What is the primary function of apoptosis in embryo development?
What is the role of effector caspases in the apoptotic cascade?
What is the role of effector caspases in the apoptotic cascade?
What is the consequence of defects in the apoptosis pathways in cancer cells?
What is the consequence of defects in the apoptosis pathways in cancer cells?
What is the estimated daily rate of cell death through apoptosis in an average adult?
What is the estimated daily rate of cell death through apoptosis in an average adult?
What is the function of the intrinsic pathway in apoptosis?
What is the function of the intrinsic pathway in apoptosis?
What is the role of cytochrome C in the apoptotic cascade?
What is the role of cytochrome C in the apoptotic cascade?
What is the primary function of initiator caspases in the apoptotic cascade?
What is the primary function of initiator caspases in the apoptotic cascade?
What is the role of apoptosis in homeostasis?
What is the role of apoptosis in homeostasis?
How often is the body's cell population completely replaced through apoptosis?
How often is the body's cell population completely replaced through apoptosis?
What is the primary location of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins?
What is the primary location of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the complete apoptosome?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the complete apoptosome?
What is the direct consequence of the formation of large pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane?
What is the direct consequence of the formation of large pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane?
What is the role of pro-caspase 9 in the apoptotic pathway?
What is the role of pro-caspase 9 in the apoptotic pathway?
What is the ultimate consequence of the activation of the caspase cascade?
What is the ultimate consequence of the activation of the caspase cascade?
What is the site of action of Bcl-2 proteins in the regulation of apoptosis?
What is the site of action of Bcl-2 proteins in the regulation of apoptosis?
What is the requirement for the formation of the apoptosome?
What is the requirement for the formation of the apoptosome?
What is the direct consequence of the release of cytochrome C from the inner mitochondrial membrane?
What is the direct consequence of the release of cytochrome C from the inner mitochondrial membrane?
What is the primary role of the mitochondria in the regulation of apoptosis?
What is the primary role of the mitochondria in the regulation of apoptosis?
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Study Notes
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death essential for normal health and development.
- It is an essential part of various biological processes, including:
- Embryo development: sculpting tissue
- Immune system: destroying self-reacting immune cells and virus-infected cells
- Homeostasis: counter-balance to cell division and removal of old or damaged cells
- Cancer: radiotherapy and most chemotherapy drugs work by inducing apoptosis
Cellular Death
- There are two main ways cells can die:
- Necrosis: associated with disease
- Apoptosis: an essential part of normal health and development
Apoptosis Process
- The mitochondria play a central role in the regulation of apoptosis.
- Bcl-2 proteins act on the mitochondria to regulate the formation of pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
- The result depends on the balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins.
- Release of cytochrome C from the inner mitochondrial membrane to the cytosol leads to the formation of the apoptosome and activation of the caspase cascade.
- The caspases are responsible for the destruction of the cell.
Apoptosome Formation
- Pores form in the outer mitochondrial membrane, allowing the release of cytochrome C into the cytosol.
- Cytochrome C binds to other cytosolic proteins to form a multi-protein complex called the apoptosome.
- The formation of the apoptosome requires:
- Cytochrome C
- Apaf-1
- Pro-caspase 9
- ATP
- There are 7 molecules of each protein in the complete apoptosome with a combined molecular weight of 700 KDa.
Caspases
- Caspases are a family of 12 proteases that exist as inactive proenzymes in cells.
- Following activation by cleavage, they can activate other caspases in a cascade.
- There are two types of apoptotic caspases:
- Initiator caspases: activate other caspases
- Effector caspases: break down cellular components such as the cytoskeleton and DNA
Pathways for Triggering Apoptosis
- There are two main pathways for triggering apoptosis:
- Receptors mediated
- Mitochondria mediated (intrinsic pathway)
- The intrinsic pathway can be activated via the mitochondria by a variety of cell stresses, such as:
- Free radical damage
- DNA damage
- Viral infection
- Loss of survival signals
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