Cell Cycle and Cell Division Quiz

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Interphase

• Period of cell growth and preparation for cell division
• Consists of three stages: Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), and Gap 2 (G2)
• G1: Cell growth, organelle duplication, and preparation for DNA replication
• S: DNA replication, resulting in two identical copies of DNA
• G2: Preparation for cell division, including spindle fiber formation and organelle distribution

Mitosis

• Type of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
• Consists of four stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
• Prophase:
  • Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Spindle fibers form
• Metaphase:
  • Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
  • Each chromosome is attached to a spindle fiber
• Anaphase:
  • Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
  • Chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibers
• Telophase:
  • Nuclear envelope reforms
  • Chromosomes uncoil and return to interphase structure

Meiosis

• Type of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
• Occurs in gamete production (sperm and egg cells)
• Consists of two consecutive cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II
• Meiosis I:
  • Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material
  • Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
• Meiosis II:
  • Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
  • Four haploid daughter cells are produced

Cytokinesis

• Process of cytoplasmic division and cleavage of the cell
• Occurs after mitosis or meiosis
• In animal cells:
  • Cleavage furrow forms and deepens
  • Cell splits into two daughter cells
• In plant cells:
  • Cell plate forms and separates the cytoplasm
  • Cell wall material is deposited in the cell plate

Cell Signaling

• Process by which cells communicate with each other to regulate cell division and growth
• Involves signal transduction pathways and molecular signaling molecules
• Examples of cell signaling molecules:
  • Growth factors
  • Hormones
  • Cytokines
  • Signaling proteins (e.g. cyclin-dependent kinases)

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Interphase

• Lasts for 90% of the cell cycle, involving cell growth and preparation for cell division
• Comprises three stages: Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), and Gap 2 (G2)
• G1: Cell growth, organelle duplication, and preparation for DNA replication
• S: DNA replication, resulting in two identical copies of DNA
• G2: Preparation for cell division, including spindle fiber formation and organelle distribution

Mitosis

• Type of cell division resulting in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
• Consists of four stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
• Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers form
• Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, each attached to a spindle fiber
• Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles, chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibers
• Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes uncoil, and return to interphase structure

Meiosis

• Type of cell division resulting in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
• Occurs in gamete production (sperm and egg cells)
• Consists of two consecutive cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II
• Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
• Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles, four haploid daughter cells are produced

Cytokinesis

• Process of cytoplasmic division and cleavage of the cell
• Occurs after mitosis or meiosis
• In animal cells: Cleavage furrow forms and deepens, cell splits into two daughter cells
• In plant cells: Cell plate forms and separates the cytoplasm, cell wall material is deposited in the cell plate

Cell Signaling

• Process by which cells communicate with each other to regulate cell division and growth
• Involves signal transduction pathways and molecular signaling molecules
• Examples of cell signaling molecules: Growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and signaling proteins (e.g. cyclin-dependent kinases)