Cell Biology Mitosis and Cell Cycle Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of chromosome replication during the cell cycle?

To create energy for cell division

To organize DNA for metabolic processes

To ensure the transfer of genetic information (correct)

To condense chromosomes for easier segregation

Which phase of the cell cycle involves general function and metabolism?

G2 phase

M phase

S phase

G1 phase (correct)

During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids become fully condensed and visible?

Telophase

Metaphase

Prophase

Prometaphase (correct)

What happens to the nuclear envelope during prometaphase?

It fragments, allowing microtubules access Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the G2 phase in the cell cycle?

Preparation for chromosome segregation occurs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sister chromatids is correct?

They remain attached at the centromere until mitosis Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the equatorial plane?

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mitotic spindle during mitosis?

To segregate chromosomes during cell division Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the order of phases in the cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, M Signup and view all the answers

Which phase follows metaphase in mitosis?

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

What effect does deregulation in cancer have on the cell cycle?

Promotes uncontrolled cell division Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes cyclins in the context of cell cycle control?

Cyclins degrade after being activated Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in cell cycle regulation?

To activate proteins by adding phosphate groups Signup and view all the answers

At which of the following checkpoints can a cell enter a non-dividing state?

G1 checkpoint Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a cell successfully passes through the G2-to-M checkpoint?

The cell synthesizes proteins for mitosis Signup and view all the answers

How do normal cells behave in relation to their environment during cell division?

They sense and respond to density and anchorage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the events in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

The cell checks for DNA damage and prepares for division Signup and view all the answers

How can cancer cells be characterized in terms of cell cycle regulation?

They continuously divide without regard for checkpoints Signup and view all the answers

Which checkpoint is responsible for preventing progression to the S phase?

G1 checkpoint Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the molecular oscillating protein system in cell cycle regulation?

It is responsible for the activation and deactivation of cyclins Signup and view all the answers

What role do microtubules play in the mitotic spindle?

They connect centrosomes to kinetochores and pull chromosomes apart. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase of mitosis?

Nuclear envelopes reappear and chromosomes decondense. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes cytokinesis?

It is characterized by the cleavage furrow formation and cytoplasmic division. Signup and view all the answers

What function do centrosomes serve during mitosis?

They organize the mitotic spindle and position microtubules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the kinetochores during cell division?

They anchor the microtubules to the chromosomes' centromeres. Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of the cell cycle is the genome replicated?

S phase Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes anaphase in mitosis?

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key difference between mitosis and binary fission?

Mitosis involves spindle fibers, while binary fission does not. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 'molecular clock' in cell cycle regulation?

It runs parallel to the cell cycle to ensure proper timing and regulation. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

The ability of organisms to reproduce is a key characteristic distinguishing living from non-living matter (Virchow, 1858)
Cell division produces identical daughter cells
Transferring information is the basis of genetics
Chromosomes organize the genome's DNA, act as vehicles to move DNA during cell division, and must be replicated before division
The cell cycle consists of four phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
G1: Gap 1 phase (general function and metabolism)
S: Synthesis phase (replication of DNA)
G2: Gap 2 phase (wait for chromosome segregation)
M: Mitosis phase (replicated chromosomes segregate)
Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Chromosomes are decondensed during interphase.
The mitotic phase includes the M phase. Chromosomes are condensed during this phase.
Mitosis consists of 5 stages: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase & cytokinesis
Prophase: Chromatin fibers condense, mitotic spindle forms, centrosomes separate
Prometaphase: Nuclear envelope fragments, microtubules enter nuclear area, fully condensed chromosomes become visible, chromatids and centromeres visible
Metaphase: Centrosomes at opposite poles, microtubules connect centrosomes to kinetochores, chromosomes aligned on metaphase plate
Anaphase: Cell elongates as non-kinetochore microtubules lengthen, sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite poles
Telophase & Cytokinesis: Nuclear envelopes reappear, chromosomes decondense, cytokinesis occurs (cytoplasm separates)
Binary fission is an asexual process used by bacteria and some single-celled eukaryotes. Chromosomes separate as they replicate. No microtubule pulling is involved.
Cell cycle regulation ensures the cycle does not proceed until the preceding steps are complete
Three major checkpoints: G1-to-S, G2-to-M, Intra-M
G0 is a non-dividing state cells can enter from the G1 phase.
Molecular basis of cell cycle regulation involves oscillating protein systems (cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs))
Cyclin is a decision molecule that activates CDKs
Cyclins bind to CdK to switch it on, different CdK and cyclin pairs for each checkpoint
Cyclins are produced in response to signals inside and outside cells and are degraded after use.
Cancer results from a loss of cell cycle control. Cancer cells have uncontrolled growth & division and ignore checkpoints. Normal cells exhibit anchorage and density dependence.

Summary

Cell cycles are a loop of phases that include interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis (M), leading to two genetically identical daughter cells.
Mitosis has five stages (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase/cytokinesis)
The cell cycle has a molecular mechanism, including check points, for controlling processes between steps.
Cell cycle loss of regulation can lead to cancer; cancer cells do not respond to checkpoints, leading to uncontrolled growth and division

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Description

Test your knowledge on the cell cycle and the process of mitosis. This quiz covers key stages such as chromosome replication, nuclear envelope dynamics, and the roles of sister chromatids. Perfect for students in cell biology or related fields looking to solidify their understanding of cellular processes.