Cell Biology Mitosis and Cell Cycle Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of chromosome replication during the cell cycle?

  • To create energy for cell division
  • To organize DNA for metabolic processes
  • To ensure the transfer of genetic information (correct)
  • To condense chromosomes for easier segregation

Which phase of the cell cycle involves general function and metabolism?

  • G2 phase
  • M phase
  • S phase
  • G1 phase (correct)

During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids become fully condensed and visible?

  • Telophase
  • Metaphase
  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase (correct)

What happens to the nuclear envelope during prometaphase?

<p>It fragments, allowing microtubules access (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the G2 phase in the cell cycle?

<p>Preparation for chromosome segregation occurs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sister chromatids is correct?

<p>They remain attached at the centromere until mitosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the equatorial plane?

<p>Metaphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mitotic spindle during mitosis?

<p>To segregate chromosomes during cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the order of phases in the cell cycle?

<p>G1, S, G2, M (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase follows metaphase in mitosis?

<p>Anaphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does deregulation in cancer have on the cell cycle?

<p>Promotes uncontrolled cell division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes cyclins in the context of cell cycle control?

<p>Cyclins degrade after being activated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in cell cycle regulation?

<p>To activate proteins by adding phosphate groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which of the following checkpoints can a cell enter a non-dividing state?

<p>G1 checkpoint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a cell successfully passes through the G2-to-M checkpoint?

<p>The cell synthesizes proteins for mitosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do normal cells behave in relation to their environment during cell division?

<p>They sense and respond to density and anchorage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the events in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

<p>The cell checks for DNA damage and prepares for division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can cancer cells be characterized in terms of cell cycle regulation?

<p>They continuously divide without regard for checkpoints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which checkpoint is responsible for preventing progression to the S phase?

<p>G1 checkpoint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the molecular oscillating protein system in cell cycle regulation?

<p>It is responsible for the activation and deactivation of cyclins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do microtubules play in the mitotic spindle?

<p>They connect centrosomes to kinetochores and pull chromosomes apart. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase of mitosis?

<p>Nuclear envelopes reappear and chromosomes decondense. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes cytokinesis?

<p>It is characterized by the cleavage furrow formation and cytoplasmic division. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do centrosomes serve during mitosis?

<p>They organize the mitotic spindle and position microtubules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the kinetochores during cell division?

<p>They anchor the microtubules to the chromosomes' centromeres. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of the cell cycle is the genome replicated?

<p>S phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes anaphase in mitosis?

<p>Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key difference between mitosis and binary fission?

<p>Mitosis involves spindle fibers, while binary fission does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 'molecular clock' in cell cycle regulation?

<p>It runs parallel to the cell cycle to ensure proper timing and regulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Cycle

Series of events that a cell goes through as it grows and divides.

Interphase

Part of the cell cycle where the cell grows and replicates its DNA (G1, S, G2).

Mitosis

Division of the cell's nucleus, where replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.

Chromosome Replication

Process of copying DNA to create two identical sister chromatids.

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Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome joined together by a centromere.

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Prophase

First stage of mitosis, where chromosomes condense and become visible.

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Metaphase

Stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

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Anaphase

Stage of mitosis when sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.

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Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.

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Prometaphase

Stage between prophase and metaphase; nuclear envelope breaks down.

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Microtubules

Protein ropes that connect centrosomes to kinetochores, pulling chromosomes during mitosis.

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Centrosome

Organizing center at cell poles that microtubules radiate from, assisting in positioning chromosomes.

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Kinetochore

Attachment linking microtubules to a chromosome's centromere.

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Metaphase plate

The plane where chromosomes align during metaphase.

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Binary fission

Cell division mechanism in bacteria and some single-cell eukaryotes where chromosomes separate as they replicate, without microtubules.

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Cell cycle control

Molecular mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle's progression.

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Cell cycle checkpoints

Control points in the cell cycle that ensure accurate DNA replication and other processes before proceeding to the next phase.

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G1 Checkpoint

A critical point in the cell cycle before DNA synthesis (S phase) where the cell checks for conditions favorable for replication. The checkpoint ensures that the cell has sufficient resources and undamaged DNA before proceeding.

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G2 Checkpoint

A checkpoint that occurs before mitosis (M phase) ensuring that DNA replication is completed and any DNA damage has been repaired. This ensures that the cell has two complete sets of chromosomes ready for division.

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Intra-M Checkpoint

Ensures that each chromosome has properly attached to the spindle fibers before the sister chromatids separate, preventing errors in chromosome distribution.

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Deregulation in Cancer

Cancer cells disregard cell cycle checkpoints and ignore signals that would normally stop their growth, leading to uncontrolled proliferation.

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Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs)

Enzymes that control cell cycle progression by phosphorylating (adding phosphate groups) to target proteins, activating or inactivating them.

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Cyclins

Regulatory proteins that bind to and activate CDKs, acting as 'decision molecules' that determine whether the cell enters a particular stage of the cell cycle.

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Anchorage Dependence

Normal cells require attachment to a solid surface (like a vessel) to grow and divide, which serves as a check to prevent uncontrolled growth.

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Density Dependence

Normal cells stop growing and dividing when they reach a certain density, preventing overcrowding.

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Transformation (in Cancer)

The process by which normal cells acquire mutations that cause them to lose cell cycle control and become cancerous, characterized by uncontrolled growth and division.

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Study Notes

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

  • The ability of organisms to reproduce is a key characteristic distinguishing living from non-living matter (Virchow, 1858)
  • Cell division produces identical daughter cells
  • Transferring information is the basis of genetics
  • Chromosomes organize the genome's DNA, act as vehicles to move DNA during cell division, and must be replicated before division
  • The cell cycle consists of four phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
  • G1: Gap 1 phase (general function and metabolism)
  • S: Synthesis phase (replication of DNA)
  • G2: Gap 2 phase (wait for chromosome segregation)
  • M: Mitosis phase (replicated chromosomes segregate)
  • Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Chromosomes are decondensed during interphase.
  • The mitotic phase includes the M phase. Chromosomes are condensed during this phase.
  • Mitosis consists of 5 stages: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase & cytokinesis
  • Prophase: Chromatin fibers condense, mitotic spindle forms, centrosomes separate
  • Prometaphase: Nuclear envelope fragments, microtubules enter nuclear area, fully condensed chromosomes become visible, chromatids and centromeres visible
  • Metaphase: Centrosomes at opposite poles, microtubules connect centrosomes to kinetochores, chromosomes aligned on metaphase plate
  • Anaphase: Cell elongates as non-kinetochore microtubules lengthen, sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite poles
  • Telophase & Cytokinesis: Nuclear envelopes reappear, chromosomes decondense, cytokinesis occurs (cytoplasm separates)
  • Binary fission is an asexual process used by bacteria and some single-celled eukaryotes. Chromosomes separate as they replicate. No microtubule pulling is involved.
  • Cell cycle regulation ensures the cycle does not proceed until the preceding steps are complete
  • Three major checkpoints: G1-to-S, G2-to-M, Intra-M
  • G0 is a non-dividing state cells can enter from the G1 phase.
  • Molecular basis of cell cycle regulation involves oscillating protein systems (cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs))
  • Cyclin is a decision molecule that activates CDKs
  • Cyclins bind to CdK to switch it on, different CdK and cyclin pairs for each checkpoint
  • Cyclins are produced in response to signals inside and outside cells and are degraded after use.
  • Cancer results from a loss of cell cycle control. Cancer cells have uncontrolled growth & division and ignore checkpoints. Normal cells exhibit anchorage and density dependence.

Summary

  • Cell cycles are a loop of phases that include interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis (M), leading to two genetically identical daughter cells.
  • Mitosis has five stages (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase/cytokinesis)
  • The cell cycle has a molecular mechanism, including check points, for controlling processes between steps.
  • Cell cycle loss of regulation can lead to cancer; cancer cells do not respond to checkpoints, leading to uncontrolled growth and division

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