REVIEW FOR EXAM 2 MICROBIO!

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What is a defining characteristic of prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells reproduce sexually.

Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.

Prokaryotic cells are multicellular.

Prokaryotic cells do not have bound organelles. (correct)

What is the main function of the glycocalyx in bacterial cells?

Photosynthesis

Energy production

Outer protection and adhesion (correct)

Intracellular digestion

Which structure is responsible for protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Lysosomes

Ribosomes (correct)

Which component distinguishes eukaryotic flagella from prokaryotic flagella?

Thickness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is involved in intracellular digestion?

Lysosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mitochondria in a cell?

ATP production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of eukaryotic cells?

Containment of a nucleoid Signup and view all the answers

What defines a dimorphic organism?

Ability to switch between single-celled and multi-celled forms Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process of viral multiplication?

Absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which method allows a virus's genome to enter the host cell?

Fusion and Endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA must be converted into a positive message before translation?

Negative sense RNA Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a latent virus?

It remains in the host for a long period, possibly forever. Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a method used to grow viruses in a lab?

Bacterial cultures Signup and view all the answers

What are oncogenic viruses known for?

Producing cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of reverse transcriptase?

Getting DNA from RNA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a form of viral release?

Budding Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of capnophiles?

Grow best at high carbon dioxide tensions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding positive sense RNA?

It can immediately assemble since it contains translation mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism requires a large concentration of salt to survive?

Halophile Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a facultative aerobe?

Can survive with or without oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a defining feature of psychrophiles?

Optimal growth below 15°C Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an obligate anaerobe from other types of anaerobes?

Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of neuraminidase in the lifecycle of viruses?

Facilitates the final budding and release of new viruses Signup and view all the answers

Which component is not considered a primary element found in microorganisms?

Silicon Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a microaerophile?

Requires only small amounts of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What type of microorganisms are helminths?

Parasitic worms Signup and view all the answers

What best differentiates thermophiles from extremophiles?

Thermophiles grow best above 45°C Signup and view all the answers

How do autotrophs obtain their carbon?

From carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the discovery of Salvarsan?

It was the first effective antibiotic cure for syphilis, discovered in 1910. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes a broad-spectrum drug?

It can inhibit a wide variety of microbial types. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of action is primarily associated with alcohol as a disinfectant?

Disrupting cell membranes and denaturing proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a narrow-spectrum drug?

Targets a limited array of specific microbial types. Signup and view all the answers

Which individual is credited with discovering penicillin?

Alexander Fleming Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of organisms is an autotroph?

Algae Signup and view all the answers

What structure is common to all viruses?

Capsid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT typically found in a fungal cell?

Chloroplasts Signup and view all the answers

In what type of environment do both fungi and plants commonly thrive?

Similar moist or nutrient-rich environments Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process of protein manufacturing in a cell?

Nucleolus sends ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about viruses is true?

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the replication process in viruses?

It creates new infectious virions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic that distinguishes fungi from plants?

Fungi have rigid cell walls made of chitin. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses can infect the respiratory system?

Both DNA and RNA viruses Signup and view all the answers

What are the optimum temperature ranges for mesophiles?

20 to 40°C Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism cannot survive in the presence of oxygen?

Obligate anaerobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of carbon for autotrophs?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganism requires high concentrations of salt for survival?

Halophile Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately defines a microaerophile?

Requires minimal oxygen for growth Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a thermophile from a general extremophile?

Has an optimum temperature above 45°C Signup and view all the answers

What type of nutrients do heterotrophs primarily depend on?

Other organic organisms Signup and view all the answers

Where are barophiles likely to be found?

Under extreme pressure underwater Signup and view all the answers

Which step involves the virus attaching to the host cell?

Absorption Signup and view all the answers

What are the methods of penetration by which a virus enters a host cell?

Fusion and endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which component is specifically responsible for synthesizing RNA from an RNA template?

Replicase Signup and view all the answers

What kind of environment is typically used to cultivate viruses in a laboratory setting?

Cell tissue cultures Signup and view all the answers

How is a latent virus characterized in relation to its behavior in a host?

It remains inactive but can reactivate later. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of oncogenic viruses?

They can lead to cancer development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step of the viral multiplication process?

Release Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding positive sense RNA in terms of viral replication?

It can be assembled into new viruses immediately. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is found in prokaryotic cells?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a lysosome in a cell?

Intracellular digestion Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella?

Eukaryotic flagella are thicker. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about chloroplasts is correct?

Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of prokaryotic cells is responsible for protection against phagocytosis?

Capsule Signup and view all the answers

Which type of eukaryotic cell structure is primarily involved in protein modification and maturation?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of cilia compared to flagella?

Cilia are smaller and more numerous. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells regarding their organelles?

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Review for Exam

Cell Membrane: Eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane.
Cell Wall: Plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria have a cell wall.
Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus, have a nucleoid, cell wall (peptidoglycan), no membrane-bound organelles, and are typically unicellular.
Eukaryotic Cells: Have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and can be unicellular or multicellular. These organelles include the glycocalyx (protection), slime layer (protection from the environment), capsule (protection from phagocytosis), flagella (movement), and cilia (motility).

Cellular Structures and Functions

Glycocalyx: Outer layer providing protection, attachment, and adhesion from phagocytosis. Composed of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and exopolysaccharides.
Slime Layer: Loosely attached, protecting bacteria from the environment.
Capsule: Tightly attached, protecting the cell from phagocytosis.
Flagella: Long, sheathed cylinders with microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, responsible for motility, feeding, and filtering (eukaryotic flagella are thicker than prokaryotic ones).
Cilia: Smaller than flagella, more numerous, and involved in motility, feeding, and filtering. Only found in certain animal cells and protozoa.
Lysosomes: Intracellular digestion (contain enzymes from the Golgi apparatus).
Algae: Photosynthetic, have chlorophyll, a cell wall, and tissues, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Mitochondria: Site of ATP production (powerhouse of the cell).
Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells and algae.
Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Two types (RER and SER), involved in protein synthesis and lipid storage.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.

Fungi Characteristics

Unicellular and Multicellular: Fungi can exist in both forms.
Cell Wall: Fungi have a rigid cell wall with a thick inner and thin outer layer (made of chitin).
Heterotrophic: Obtain nutrients from other organisms.
Two Types of Fungi: Yeasts (round and reproduce asexually) and Hyphae (long and filamentous).
Reproduction: Primarily through the formation of spores on reproductive hyphae. This includes asexual and sexual reproduction.

Bacteria Information

Characteristics: Prokaryotic, no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, and reproduce by themselves (binary fission). They adapt to various environments.
Heterotrophs & Autotrophs: Obtain nutrients from other organisms (heterotrophs) or use carbon dioxide as a food source (autotrophs) or use photosynthesis (phototrophs).

Virus Characteristics

Non-cellular: Not considered cells, depend on a host cell for replication.
Obligate Intracellular Parasites: Need a host cell for replication. Have either DNA or RNA, but never both. Covered by a capsid (protein coat), and sometimes an envelope.
Parts of a Virus: DNA or RNA, protein, capsid, sometimes an envelope.
Replication: Viruses infect cells, then take over the cellular functions to make new viruses.

Microorganism Growth and Control

Asexual Reproduction: Involves the production of new organisms from one parent
Sexual Reproduction: Involves the fusion of genetic material with two parents
Methods of Control:
Physical methods: Heat (dry and moist), radiation, filtration
Chemical Methods: Alcohols, halogens, phenols, and high-level germicides.

Antibiotic Classification and Drug Modes of Action

Broad-spectrum drugs: Effective against a wide range of microbial types (e.g., gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria).
Narrow-spectrum drugs: Effective against a limited range of microbial types.
Antiseptic Drugs : slow or stop bacterial growth on external surfaces

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Description

This quiz focuses on the structure and function of cellular components, including differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as specific structures like the glycocalyx, slime layer, capsule, and flagella. Prepare effectively for your exam with these key concepts in cell biology.