182 Questions
What are the mnemonics used to remember the carpal bones?
The mnemonics used are: So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb. Each letter represents the first letter of a carpal bone.
Can you name all the carpal bones in the correct order using the mnemonics?
Yes, the correct order of the carpal bones using the mnemonics is: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium.
What are the ligaments present on the dorsal surface of the wrist?
dorsal radiocarpal ligament, radial collateral ligament, scapholunate ligament, radioscapholunate ligament, scaphocapitate ligament, transverse carpal ligament
What structures pass through the carpal tunnel?
fibres from flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis, median nerve, flexor pollicis longus, flexor carpi radialis
Which artery crosses the dorsal surface of the scaphoid?
radial artery
What is the arterial supply to the scaphoid?
branches of the radial artery through vascular perforations on the dorsal surface
What is the risk of avascular necrosis in the scaphoid?
A fracture through the tubercle or the waist places the proximal pole at risk of avascular necrosis
What are some variant anatomical features of the scaphoid?
bipartite scaphoid, tripartite scaphoid, coalition with neighbouring bones (rare), scaphoid hypoplasia (as long as not associated with other skeletal dysplasias)
Which bones does the scaphoid articulate with?
distal radius, lunate, capitate
How many ossification centres does the scaphoid have?
single ossification centre
At what age does ossification of the scaphoid complete?
13 to 15 years of age
What does the term 'scaphoid' mean in Greek?
boat
What is the scaphoid bone?
The scaphoid bone is the largest bone in the proximal row of carpal bones.
What is the function of the scaphoid bone?
The scaphoid bone is important for stability and movement at the wrist.
How is a scaphoid fracture typically caused?
A scaphoid fracture is typically caused by a fall onto a hyperextended hand.
What is the scaphoid tubercle?
The scaphoid tubercle is a bony prominence on the ventral surface of the distal pole of the scaphoid bone.
What is the most common site of scaphoid fracture?
The waist of the scaphoid bone is the most common site of fracture.
What is radiologically-occult in the acute setting?
Scaphoid fractures may be radiologically-occult in the acute setting.
Which bones does the scaphoid articulate with?
The scaphoid articulates with the radius, trapezoid, trapezium, lunate, and capitate bones.
What bones does the scaphoid articulate with on its radial side?
On its radial side, the scaphoid articulates with the trapezoid and trapezium bones.
What bones does the scaphoid articulate with on its ulnar side?
On its ulnar side, the scaphoid articulates with the capitate bone.
Does the scaphoid bone have any musculotendinous attachments?
No, there are no musculotendinous attachments to the scaphoid bone.
What is the shape of the lunate bone?
The lunate bone is crescent-shaped.
What are the articulations of the lunate bone?
The lunate bone articulates with the scaphoid, triquetrum, and capitate bones.
When does ossification of the lunate bone typically begin and complete?
Ossification of the lunate bone typically begins at age four and is complete by age six or seven.
What is the shape of the lunate bone?
The lunate bone is crescent-shaped.
What bones does the lunate bone articulate with?
The lunate bone articulates with the scaphoid, capitate, triquetrum, and hamate bones.
What are the ligaments associated with the lunate bone?
The lunate bone is associated with the scapholunate ligament and lunotriquetral ligament.
What is the arterial supply to the lunate bone?
The lunate bone is supplied by branches from the dorsal radiocarpal arch and dorsal intercarpal arch.
What is the typical age of ossification for the lunate bone?
Ossification of the lunate bone typically begins at age four and is complete by age six or seven.
What is the radiographic appearance of the lunate bone in a frontal projection?
In a frontal projection, more than one-half of the lunate bone should contact the distal radial articular surface.
What is the radiographic appearance of the lunate bone in a lateral projection?
In a lateral projection, the lunate bone has a cup-shaped appearance with the base of the capitate bone sitting in the cup.
What are some variant anatomical features of the lunate bone?
Some variant anatomical features of the lunate bone include variation in articular facets, lunotriquetral coalition, and the presence of accessory ossicles.
Which ligaments are intrinsic to the lunate bone?
The intrinsic ligaments of the lunate bone include the scapholunate ligament and lunotriquetral ligament.
What is the role of the lunate bone in the carpal arcs?
The lunate bone forms part of the carpal arcs in the wrist.
What is the triquetrum?
The triquetrum is one of the carpal bones and forms part of the proximal carpal row.
Where is the triquetrum located?
The triquetrum is located between the lunate and the pisiform.
What is the articulation of the triquetrum?
The triquetrum has an oval facet for articulation with the pisiform.
What other bones does the triquetrum articulate with?
The triquetrum also articulates with the scaphoid and lunate.
What ligaments are associated with the triquetrum?
The triquetrum is associated with the lunotriquetral ligament and the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) components.
What is the arterial supply to the triquetrum?
The triquetrum receives its blood supply from a network of nutrient vessels on both non-articular surfaces.
What is the variant anatomy of the triquetrum?
Variant anatomy of the triquetrum includes lunotriquetral coalition and the presence of accessory ossicles such as os triquetrum secundarium and os triangulare.
When does ossification of the triquetrum typically begin and complete?
Ossification of the triquetrum typically begins at age three and is complete by age six or seven.
What is the historical name for the triquetrum?
The triquetrum was historically known as the triangular bone or cuneiform bone.
What is the etymology of the term 'triangular'?
The term 'triangular' comes from the Latin word 'triquetrus' meaning 'having three corners'.
What is the location of the pisiform bone within the carpal bones row?
on the medial side
What type of bone is the pisiform bone considered to be?
sesamoid bone
What bone does the pisiform articulate with?
triquetrum
Describe the shape of the pisiform bone.
spherical shape with a slight distolateral long axis
What is the function of the pisiform bone within the carpal canal?
the only moving structure
Which muscles have attachments to the pisiform bone?
flexor carpi ulnaris and abductor digiti minimi muscles
Where does the ulnar artery sit in relation to the pisiform bone?
adjacent to a lateral surface groove
What is the arterial supply to the pisiform bone?
ulnar artery with branches entering both proximal and distal surfaces
What is a variant anatomical feature of the pisiform bone?
os pisiforme secundarium, located at proximal pisiform pole
What is a common site of wrist osteoarthritis?
pisotriquetral joint
What is the arterial supply to the trapezium?
Supplied by distal branches of the radial artery, primarily via the dorsal surface.
What is the venous supply to the trapezium?
Drained by tributaries of the radial vein.
What radiographic features can visualize the trapezium?
Plain radiograph, hand radiograph, wrist radiograph, forearm radiograph, CT or MRI imaging.
When does ossification of the trapezium begin?
In the fourth to fifth year.
What is the variant anatomy of the trapezium in females?
Females have a significantly smaller sellar surface, with a fundamentally different shape of that surface.
What carpal bone is the trapezium?
The trapezium is one of the eight carpal bones.
What is the position of the trapezium in the distal row?
The trapezium is the most lateral (radial) bone of the distal row.
What is the history and etymology of the term 'trapezium'?
Trapezium derives from the Ancient Greek: originally 'small table', later a four-sided figure with no parallel sides.
Which bones does the trapezium articulate with?
The trapezium articulates with the scaphoid proximally, the trapezoid medially, and the thumb and index metacarpals distally.
What other bones are collectively known as the multangulars?
The trapezium and trapezoid.
How many surfaces does the trapezium have?
The trapezium has six surfaces in total.
What is the gross anatomy of the trapezoid bone?
It is an irregular, boot-shaped bone with larger dorsal surface than palmar surface.
Which bones does the trapezoid articulate with?
Scaphoid, capitate, trapezium, and the base of the second metacarpal.
What is the shape of the dorsolateral surface of the trapezium?
The dorsolateral surface of the trapezium is saddle-shaped.
What muscles have attachments to the trapezium?
The superficial head of flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, and abductor pollicis brevis have attachments to the trapezium.
What is the arterial supply to the trapezoid?
The dorsal intercarpal and basal metacarpal arches, as well as the radial recurrent artery, provide the vascularity of the trapezoid.
What ligaments attach to the trapezium?
The flexor retinaculum and radial collateral ligament attach to the trapezium.
What structures run through the groove of the trapezium?
The tendon of flexor carpi radialis runs through the groove of the trapezium.
What is the anatomical relation of the radial artery to the trapezium?
The radial artery is directly related to the dorsal surface of the trapezium.
What is the function of the trapezium?
The function of the trapezium is to provide stability and support to the hand.
What is the largest carpal bone?
Capitate
Where does the capitate sit in the carpal row?
Distal carpal row
What is the shape of the capitate?
Triangular
Which bones articulate with the capitate?
Scaphoid and lunate
What are the surfaces of the capitate?
Concave
Which ligament attaches to the capitate?
Radioscaphocapitate
What is the arterial supply to the capitate?
Dorsal intercarpal and dorsal basal metacarpal arches
What is the potential articulation of the capitate with the triquetrum?
Proximal medial border
Which muscle has an attachment to the capitate?
Adductor pollicis
What are the ligaments that are intrinsic to the capitate?
Dorsal and volar carpometacarpal
Which bone in the carpal row usually has a small facet with the base of the fourth metacarpal?
Capitate bone
Fractures of the capitate bone are rare due to its protected position. When fractures do occur, they are often associated with which type of injuries?
Perilunate injuries
Which bone in the carpal row has one ossification centre and is generally the first to ossify?
Capitate bone
What is the direction of vessel entry on the palmar surface of the capitate bone?
Distal and palmar
What does the term 'capitate' mean in Latin?
Head-shaped
What is the name of the hook-like process on the volar surface of the hamate bone?
The hook-like process on the volar surface of the hamate bone is called the hamulus.
What radiographic appearance may be seen in the capitate bone when a deep capitate fossa is present?
Naviculocapitate syndrome
Which bone does the hamate articulate with distally?
The hamate bone articulates distally with the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones.
What is the direction of vessel entry on the dorsal surface of the capitate bone?
Proximal and palmar
Which bone in the carpal row may develop proximal pole osteonecrosis?
Lunate bone
What is the shape of the hamate bone?
The hamate bone has a wedge-shaped body.
Which bone in the carpal row has a retrograde pattern of vascular supply on the palmar surface?
Capitate bone
Which bone does the hamate articulate with proximally?
The hamate bone articulates proximally with the lunate bone.
What is the percentage of wrists where the capitate bone does not have a small facet with the base of the fourth metacarpal?
14%
Which muscle(s) arise from the convex surface of the hook of the hamate?
The musculotendinous flexor digiti minimi brevis and opponens digiti minimi muscles arise from the convex surface of the hook of the hamate.
Which ligament inserts into the apex of the hook of the hamate?
The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle inserts into the apex of the hook of the hamate via the pisohamate ligament.
What is the function of the hook of the hamate during flexion of the 5th finger with ulnar deviation?
The hook of the hamate acts as a pulley for the flexor digitorum profundus muscle during flexion of the 5th finger with ulnar deviation.
Which ligament attaches to the apex of the hamulus?
The flexor retinaculum attaches to the apex of the hamulus.
What is the arterial supply to the hamate?
Nearly 100% of hamate specimens have radial artery supply.
How many surfaces does the hamate bone have?
The hamate bone has four surfaces: superior, inferior, volar, and medial.
What is the arterial supply to the hamate bone?
Most specimens have dual radial and ulnar supply with the ulnar artery contributing a smaller percentage. ~30% have absent ulnar artery supply.
What is the innervation of the hamate bone?
A terminal deep branch of the ulnar nerve lies in a transverse groove underneath the hook of the hamate towards its base.
What are some variant anatomical features of the hook of hamate?
Variant anatomy includes bipartite hook of hamate (incomplete fusion of the ossification centre of the hook) and capitohamate (carpal coalition between the hamate and capitate).
When does ossification of the hamate bone begin?
It is the second bone to ossify following the capitate. It is thought to start ossifying by the end of the third month.
What is the meaning of the term 'hamatus'?
The term derives from the Latin hamatus meaning hooked.
What are the two ligaments of most importance to carpal instability?
The two ligaments of most importance are the scapholunate and lunotriquetral ligaments.
What bones does the scapholunate ligament join?
The scapholunate ligament joins the lunate and the scaphoid.
What is the strongest portion of the scapholunate ligament?
The dorsal component is the strongest (and thickest) portion of the U-shaped complex and a key dorsal stabilizer preserving the relationship between the scaphoid and lunate.
What bones does the lunotriquetral ligament join?
The lunotriquetral ligament joins the lunate and triquetrum.
What component of the lunotriquetral ligament contributes to carpal stability?
The volar component is an important component contributing to carpal stability and limits the amount of dorsiflexion between the lunate and triquetrum.
What are the articulations of the proximal radial head?
Capitellum of the humerus (elbow flexion and extension) and radial notch of the proximal ulna (site of supination and pronation)
What are the attachments of the radial tuberosity?
Biceps brachii muscle
What is the site of supination and pronation for the radial head?
Radial notch of the proximal ulna
What are the attachments of the styloid process (base)?
Brachioradialis muscle
What muscles attach to the medial surface of the radial head?
Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus
What is the function of the annular ligament?
It connects the radial head to the radial notch of the ulna
What ligament connects the non-articular volar surface of the distal radius to the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum?
Volar/palmar radiocarpal ligament
What ligament connects the non-articular dorsal surface of the distal radius to the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum?
Dorsal radiocarpal ligament
What ligament connects the apex of the radial styloid process to the scaphoid and trapezium?
Radial collateral ligament of wrist joint
What is the location of the radius in the forearm?
The radius is located laterally in the supinated anatomical position.
What are the components of the proximal radius?
The proximal radius comprises the articular radial head, radial neck, and tuberosity.
How does the radial shaft compare to the ulna?
The radial shaft is thicker than the ulna.
What is the shape of the cross section of the radial shaft?
The cross section of the radial shaft is triangular with a lateral convexity and a sharp medial border.
What does the distal radial shaft flare out to form?
The distal radial shaft flares out to form the distal radius.
What is the function of Lister's tubercle?
Lister's tubercle separates the extensor compartments on the dorsal surface of the distal radius.
What is located laterally on the distal radius?
The radial styloid is located laterally on the distal radius.
What is located medially on the distal radius?
The ulnar notch is located medially on the distal radius.
What is the location of the ulna in the forearm?
medially in the supinated anatomic position
What are the prominent features of the ulna?
olecranon, trochlear notch, coronoid process, radial notch, sublime tubercle, ulnar tuberosity, head, styloid process, fovea, groove for extensor carpi ulnaris
What are the articulations of the ulna?
olecranon: ulnatrochlear joint, radial notch: proximal radioulnar joint, distal radioulnar joint, wrist via the triangular fibrocartilage complex
What muscles are attached to the ulna?
brachialis, pronator teres, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, pronator quadratus, triceps brachii, anconeus, supinator, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis
What ligaments are attached to the ulna?
medial collateral ligaments of the elbow, anterior and posterior capsular ligaments of the elbow, medial collateral ligament of the wrist
How does the ulna divide the forearm?
into anterior and posterior compartments
What is the function of the ulna?
to provide structural support and allow for movement of the forearm and hand
What is the role of the ulna in elbow flexion?
olecranon: ulnatrochlear joint
What is the role of the ulna in supination and pronation?
radial notch: proximal radioulnar joint
What is the role of the ulna in wrist stability?
distal radioulnar joint, triangular fibrocartilage complex
What are the borders of the ulna?
The subcutaneous border lies posteromedially and the interosseous border (anterolaterally) is attached to the interosseous membrane of the forearm.
What is the arterial supply to the ulna?
The ulna is supplied by the ulnar artery and its continuation as the common interosseous artery with its branches, the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries.
Where does the lymphatic drainage of the hand and forearm go?
Lymphatics of the hand and forearm drain either to the supratrochlear lymph node or directly into the lateral group of axillary lymph nodes.
Which nerves supply the periosteum of the ulna?
The periosteum is supplied anteriorly by the anterior interosseous nerve (branch of median nerve) and posteriorly by the posterior interosseous nerve (branch of radial nerve).
What is the carrying angle of the elbow in degrees?
The carrying angle of the elbow is 15-20°.
Is the carrying angle of the elbow increased in females?
Yes, the carrying angle of the elbow is increased in females.
Where does the antebrachial fascia attach on the ulna?
The antebrachial fascia attaches on either end of the ulna.
What is the radiographic appearance of the lunate bone in a lateral projection?
The radiographic appearance of the lunate bone in a lateral projection is not specified in the given text.
What is the shape of the cross section of the radial shaft?
The shape of the cross section of the radial shaft is not specified in the given text.
What is the innervation of the ulna?
The innervation of the ulna is through the anterior interosseous nerve (branch of median nerve) and posterior interosseous nerve (branch of radial nerve).
What ligament attaches to the styloid process of the distal radius?
The brachioradialis muscle tendon.
What is the arterial supply to the carpal bones?
The palmar carpal arch and dorsal carpal arch.
What nerves innervate the carpal bones?
The anterior interosseous nerve and posterior interosseous nerve.
What does ulnar variance refer to?
The relative positioning of the ulnar and radial articular surfaces at the level of the radiolunate articulation.
What tendons are found on the volar surface of the carpal bones?
Flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons, flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris tendons, flexor pollicis longus tendon, and palmaris longus tendon.
What tendons are found on the dorsal surface of the carpal bones?
Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis tendons, extensor pollicis longus tendon, extensor digitorum tendons, extensor indicis tendon, and extensor digiti minimi tendon.
What ligaments attach to the volar surface of the carpal bones?
Radial collateral ligament, radioscaphocapitate ligament, radiolunate ligament, and radioscapholunate ligament.
What ligaments attach to the dorsal surface of the carpal bones?
Radioscaphoid ligament, radiolunate ligament, and radiotriquetral ligament.
What muscle tendon attaches to the styloid process of the distal radius?
The abductor pollicis longus tendon.
What is the function of the ulna?
The ulna provides stability and support to the forearm and hand.
What is the radiocarpal joint?
The radiocarpal joint is an articulation between the distal radius and the proximal carpal row of the wrist.
What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?
The radiocarpal joint is an example of a condyloid joint.
What bones are involved in the radiocarpal joint?
The distal radius articulates with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum (carpal bones).
What movements are possible at the radiocarpal joint?
Flexion, extension, adduction/ulnar deviation, abduction/radial deviation, and circumduction.
What is the normal ulnar slant of the radiocarpal joint?
The normal ulnar slant of the radiocarpal joint is 15-25º.
What is the normal palmar inclination of the radiocarpal joint?
The normal palmar inclination of the radiocarpal joint is 15-20º.
What is the function of ligaments in the radiocarpal joint?
Multiple separate ligaments stabilise the adjacent carpal bones to the distal radius.
What is the shape of the cross section of the radial shaft?
The cross section of the radial shaft is circular.
What is a variant anatomical feature of the pisiform bone?
A variant anatomical feature of the pisiform bone is its sesamoid nature, meaning it develops within a tendon.
What are the key features of the radiocarpal joint?
The radiocarpal joint is a condyloid joint, the distal radius articulates with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum, and it has a normal ulnar slant and palmar inclination.
What type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint?
pivot-type synovial joint
What bones does the distal radioulnar joint exist between?
distal radius and ulna
What is the primary movement of the distal radioulnar joint?
pronation and supination of the forearm
What ligament is the primary uniting structure of the distal radioulnar joint?
articular disc of the distal radioulnar joint or triangular ligament
What ligaments provide intrinsic stabilization to the distal radioulnar joint?
anterior and posterior distal radioulnar ligaments
What arteries supply blood to the distal radioulnar joint?
anterior and posterior interosseous arteries
What nerves provide innervation to the distal radioulnar joint?
anterior and posterior interosseous nerves
What tendon is part of the extrinsic stabilizing structures of the distal radioulnar joint?
extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU)
What is the anatomical term for the triangular fibrocartilage complex of the distal radioulnar joint?
articular disc of the distal radioulnar joint
What is the shape of the distal radioulnar joint?
pivot-type
Test your knowledge of carpal bones with this mnemonic quiz! Learn to remember the correct order and location of each bone using the popular "So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb" mnemonic. Challenge yourself and become a pro at identifying the carpal bones.
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