Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the function of the pectoral (shoulder) girdles in the human skeleton?
What is the function of the pectoral (shoulder) girdles in the human skeleton?
Which bone articulates with the manubrium of the sternum to form the Sternoclavicular joint?
Which bone articulates with the manubrium of the sternum to form the Sternoclavicular joint?
In the upper limbs, which bone is located on the thumb side of the forearm?
In the upper limbs, which bone is located on the thumb side of the forearm?
What is the function of the pelvic (hip) girdle in the human skeleton?
What is the function of the pelvic (hip) girdle in the human skeleton?
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Which bone of the lower limbs articulates with the patella to form the patellofemoral joint?
Which bone of the lower limbs articulates with the patella to form the patellofemoral joint?
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What is the location of the scapula in the human body?
What is the location of the scapula in the human body?
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Which type of joint is joined by fibrous connective tissue and allows little to no mobility?
Which type of joint is joined by fibrous connective tissue and allows little to no mobility?
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What type of joint is composed of cartilage and has no space between the connected bones?
What type of joint is composed of cartilage and has no space between the connected bones?
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Which type of joint contains a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid acting as a lubricant?
Which type of joint contains a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid acting as a lubricant?
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What type of cartilage is found in a synchondroses joint like the costal cartilage between rib and sternum?
What type of cartilage is found in a synchondroses joint like the costal cartilage between rib and sternum?
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Which is true about the articular capsule surrounding a synovial joint?
Which is true about the articular capsule surrounding a synovial joint?
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Which type of synovial joint has a spool-shaped surface articulating with a concave surface, allowing flexion-extension movement?
Which type of synovial joint has a spool-shaped surface articulating with a concave surface, allowing flexion-extension movement?
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Where can a saddle-shaped articular surface fit into a reciprocal concave surface, allowing flexion-extension and abduction-adduction movement?
Where can a saddle-shaped articular surface fit into a reciprocal concave surface, allowing flexion-extension and abduction-adduction movement?
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Which synovial joint allows the moving bone to fit into a ring formed by the second bone and its adjoining ligament, allowing rotation?
Which synovial joint allows the moving bone to fit into a ring formed by the second bone and its adjoining ligament, allowing rotation?
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In which synovial joint does the ball-shaped surface of one bone fit into the socket of another bone, allowing various movements like flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation, and circumduction?
In which synovial joint does the ball-shaped surface of one bone fit into the socket of another bone, allowing various movements like flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation, and circumduction?
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Which type of synovial joint is characterized by flat articular surfaces, thus only allowing sliding movements?
Which type of synovial joint is characterized by flat articular surfaces, thus only allowing sliding movements?
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An egg-shaped articular surface fitting into an elliptical cavity, allowing flexion-extension and abduction-adduction movement, is typical of which type of synovial joint?
An egg-shaped articular surface fitting into an elliptical cavity, allowing flexion-extension and abduction-adduction movement, is typical of which type of synovial joint?
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What is the groove below the head of the humerus called?
What is the groove below the head of the humerus called?
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Which part of the humerus is the site of insertion of deltoid muscles?
Which part of the humerus is the site of insertion of deltoid muscles?
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What is the concave area at the front of the scapula called?
What is the concave area at the front of the scapula called?
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Which bone articulates with the Glenoid cavity to form the shoulder joint?
Which bone articulates with the Glenoid cavity to form the shoulder joint?
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Where does the Olecranon process fit in the humerus?
Where does the Olecranon process fit in the humerus?
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What is the upward projection on the Ulna that fits into the Olecranon fossa of the Humerus?
What is the upward projection on the Ulna that fits into the Olecranon fossa of the Humerus?
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Which bone has a concavity that articulates with carpal bones at its distal end?
Which bone has a concavity that articulates with carpal bones at its distal end?
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What is the round-shaped projection on the lateral side of the radius cavity called?
What is the round-shaped projection on the lateral side of the radius cavity called?
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Which bones are found in the palm and consist of a base, shaft, and head?
Which bones are found in the palm and consist of a base, shaft, and head?
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How many phalanges are present in each finger except the thumb?
How many phalanges are present in each finger except the thumb?
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What is the largest and heaviest bone in the body?
What is the largest and heaviest bone in the body?
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Which part of the hip bone joins with the other pubic bone at the Pubic symphysis?
Which part of the hip bone joins with the other pubic bone at the Pubic symphysis?
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Where is the location of the patella bone?
Where is the location of the patella bone?
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What is the name of the concave surface in the hip bone that fits the head of the Femur to form the Hip joint?
What is the name of the concave surface in the hip bone that fits the head of the Femur to form the Hip joint?
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'Greater trochanter' is associated with which bone in the body?
'Greater trochanter' is associated with which bone in the body?
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'Linea aspera' is a feature found on which bone in the lower limb?
'Linea aspera' is a feature found on which bone in the lower limb?
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Study Notes
Appendicular Skeleton
- Composed of 126 bones
- Divided into 4 main parts: pectoral girdles, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs
Pectoral Girdles
- Consist of 4 bones: 2 clavicles and 2 scapulae
- Anchor the upper limb to the axial skeleton
- Each side consists of a clavicle and a scapula
Clavicle
- A long bone with 2 ends: rounded, medial (sternal) end and flattened, lateral (acromial) end
- Articulates with the manubrium of the sternum to form the sternoclavicular joint
- Articulates with the acromion of the scapula to form the acromioclavicular joint
Scapula
- A flat, triangular bone located behind the chest at the level of rib pairs 2-7
- Has a horizontal plate of bone called the spine, with a bony process called the acromion at the end
- Articulates with the clavicle
- Has a concave area at the front called the subscapular fossa
- Has a glenoid cavity that articulates with the humerus
Upper Limbs
- Composed of: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Humerus
- The head of the humerus is round and articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
- Has a groove called the anatomical neck
- Has two eminences (tubercles) that point forward: greater tubercle and lesser tubercle
- Has a deep groove called the intertubercular groove
- Has a segment called the surgical neck
- Has a rough, elevated surface called the deltoid tuberosity on the lateral side of the shaft
Radius and Ulna
- Radius: has a flat head that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna
- Ulna: has an olecranon process that fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus
- Ulna: has a coronoid process that fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus
- Ulna: has a hook-like, anterior cavity called the trochlear notch
Elbow Joint
- Articulation of the distal end of the humerus and the head of the radius and proximal part of the ulna
Carpal Bones
- 8 small bones in the wrist, arranged in 2 rows (4 bones per row)
- Divided into proximal and distal rows
- Proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform
- Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
Metacarpal Bones and Phalanges
- Metacarpal bones: 5 long bones in the palm, numbered from 1 to 5 (starting from the thumb)
- Each hand contains 14 phalanges, with 3 phalanges in each finger except the thumb which has only 2
- A phalanx is composed of proximal, middle, and distal parts
Pelvic Girdle
- Composed of 2 hip bones
- Each hip bone is composed of 3 parts: pubis, ilium, and ischium
Hip Bone
- Pubis: the ventral and anterior hip bone, tilts downwards and unites with the other pubic bone in the pubic symphysis
- Ilium: the largest region of the hip bone, has a broad cavity called the iliac fossa
- Ischium: found at the lower and back part of the hip bone, has a pointed eminence on the body posterior
Lower Limbs
- Composed of: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges
Femur
- The longest and heaviest bone in the body
- Divided into: head, neck, and shaft
- Has a nearly spherical head at the proximal end that articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone
- Has a shaft (body) that contains the linea aspera, a longitudinal ridge where thigh muscles are attached
Patella
- A triangular bone found in front of the knee
- Articulates with the femur and tibia to form the knee joint
Joints
- Fibrous joint: adjacent bones are tightly joined by fibrous connective tissue, permitting little to no mobility
- Cartilaginous joint: joined by cartilage and contains no space between connected bones
- Synovial joint: contains a joint cavity between articulating bones; filled with synovial fluid that acts as a lubricant to facilitate joint movement
- Types of synovial joints: gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle, ellipsoidal, and ball-and-socket joints
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Description
Learn about the structure and arrangement of carpal bones, metacarpal bones, and phalanges in the hand. Understand the division of carpal bones into two rows and the characteristics of metacarpal bones and phalanges.
