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What can mutated proto-oncogenes produce?
What can mutated proto-oncogenes produce?
The loss of the p53 gene function increases the risk of tumor metastasis.
The loss of the p53 gene function increases the risk of tumor metastasis.
True
What is the role of the immune system in relation to cancer?
What is the role of the immune system in relation to cancer?
To resist development and progression of cancer
The _____ gene is often referred to as the guardian of the genome.
The _____ gene is often referred to as the guardian of the genome.
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Which of the following manifestations is NOT associated with cancer?
Which of the following manifestations is NOT associated with cancer?
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Benign tumors can cause decreased production of normal organ secretions.
Benign tumors can cause decreased production of normal organ secretions.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT a function that can be lost with mutated oncogenes?
Which of the following is NOT a function that can be lost with mutated oncogenes?
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What is the primary pathophysiological cause of cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome?
What is the primary pathophysiological cause of cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome?
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Ectopic hormones secreted by tumor cells can lead to __________ disorders.
Ectopic hormones secreted by tumor cells can lead to __________ disorders.
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Heredity is a factor in only a few types of cancer.
Heredity is a factor in only a few types of cancer.
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Match the following paraneoplastic syndromes with their associated symptoms:
Match the following paraneoplastic syndromes with their associated symptoms:
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What role do hormones play in cancer of the reproductive system?
What role do hormones play in cancer of the reproductive system?
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When tumor-suppressor genes are not activated, it leads to unregulated _____ growth.
When tumor-suppressor genes are not activated, it leads to unregulated _____ growth.
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What is a potential consequence of impaired immune function in relation to cancer?
What is a potential consequence of impaired immune function in relation to cancer?
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What role do growth factors play in cell division?
What role do growth factors play in cell division?
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Tumor suppressor proteins help prevent the division of mutated cells.
Tumor suppressor proteins help prevent the division of mutated cells.
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What is apoptosis?
What is apoptosis?
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During the cell cycle, if DNA damage is irreparable, the cell undergoes ______.
During the cell cycle, if DNA damage is irreparable, the cell undergoes ______.
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Match the following cell types with their descriptions:
Match the following cell types with their descriptions:
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What typically happens to the number of cells in the body?
What typically happens to the number of cells in the body?
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The telomere is fully duplicated at the end of cell division.
The telomere is fully duplicated at the end of cell division.
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What are tumor antigens?
What are tumor antigens?
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Chemical carcinogens can only have a direct effect on metabolism.
Chemical carcinogens can only have a direct effect on metabolism.
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Name two types of radiation linked to cancer development.
Name two types of radiation linked to cancer development.
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Examples of _____ can induce cancer by inserting their DNA into host cells.
Examples of _____ can induce cancer by inserting their DNA into host cells.
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Match the following environmental factors with their effects:
Match the following environmental factors with their effects:
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Which of the following describes procarcinogens?
Which of the following describes procarcinogens?
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The onset of cancer is determined only by the dose of radiation exposure.
The onset of cancer is determined only by the dose of radiation exposure.
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What is one method of preventing cancer linked to oncogenic viruses?
What is one method of preventing cancer linked to oncogenic viruses?
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Exposure to _____ radiation typically has a cumulative effect.
Exposure to _____ radiation typically has a cumulative effect.
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Which of the following statements is true about promoters?
Which of the following statements is true about promoters?
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Which of the following characteristics are associated with tumor cells? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following characteristics are associated with tumor cells? (Select all that apply)
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Tumor suppressor genes promote cell growth and division.
Tumor suppressor genes promote cell growth and division.
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What are the genes called that regulate the repair of damaged DNA?
What are the genes called that regulate the repair of damaged DNA?
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___ genes control programmed cell death in organisms.
___ genes control programmed cell death in organisms.
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Match the following types of genes with their functions:
Match the following types of genes with their functions:
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Which type of genes can become oncogenes when mutated?
Which type of genes can become oncogenes when mutated?
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Oncogenes are underactive genes associated with cancer.
Oncogenes are underactive genes associated with cancer.
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Name one type of environmental factor that can contribute to cancer.
Name one type of environmental factor that can contribute to cancer.
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Altered proliferation is a growth property characterized by ___ growth.
Altered proliferation is a growth property characterized by ___ growth.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of gene involved in cancer development?
Which of the following is NOT a type of gene involved in cancer development?
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Study Notes
Neoplasia Overview
- Neoplasia is the study of new growth, specifically tumors
- The outline covers cell cycle review, oncogenesis, differentiation, benign vs malignant tumors, metastasis, cancer manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment.
- Defining terms like proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis is important for understanding the topic.
Cell Cycle
- The cell cycle is crucial to understanding neoplasia
- Cells divide when told to by growth factors
- Stable cells enter the cell cycle and divide when signaled
- The number of cells produced equals the number of cells that die. The overall number of cells in the body remains constant.
- Cells have checkpoints regulating cell division and DNA repair or apoptosis if necessary
- Tumor suppressor proteins regulate these checkpoints.
- Telomeres are DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes. The enzymes that copy the DNA attach to the telomeres. The end of the telomere does not get copied.
Oncogenesis & Cell Mutation
- Oncogenesis is the development of cancer.
- Initiation: initial mutation occurs
- Promotion: mutated cells are stimulated to divide
- Progression: tumor cells compete and develop more mutations, becoming more aggressive
Differentiation
- Differentiation is a key concept. "Grown-up" cells are called differentiated because they look different.
- Differentiated cells are derived from stem cells via progenitor cells
- This differentiation can be influenced by mutations
- Malignant tumors are undifferentiated and rapidly dividing. Benign tumors are differentiated and not rapidly dividing.
Tumor Types
- Benign tumors: tissue name + "-oma" (e.g., osteoma)
- Malignant tumors (cancers):
- Epithelial tissue: tissue name + "carcinoma"
- Mesenchymal tissue: tissue name + "sarcoma"
- Benign tumors are typically encapsulated local growths. They maintain some semblance of normal tissue function
- Malignant tumors are typically not encapsulated, rapidly divide, have clear boundaries and send legs out into the tissues (metastasis) They often don't perform normal tissue functions.
Metastasis
- Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other parts of the body.
- Cancer cells that metastasize have the ability to escape the original tumor and invade other areas of the body.
- This spread can cause complications.
Manifestations of Cancer
- Manifestations of cancer can result from organ failure, localized tumor effects (compression, bleeding), hormone production (paraneoplastic), and tissue breakdown (e.g. cachexia).
- Specific manifestations depend on the location of metastasis
- Paraneoplastic syndromes are associated with cancer (typically malignant) that produce hormones or hormone-like substances.
- Examples include SIADH, Cushing syndrome, hypercalcemia
Diagnostics
- Diagnosis involves collecting specimens (e.g., urine/stool, tissue biopsies) and using various methods (e.g., cytology, histology, blood tests, radiology such as x-rays CT & MRI).
- Tumor markers are proteins or antigens found on the surface of cancer cells.
- Some are typically produced throughout life and can be indicative of neoplasm.
- Biopsy is a method to further characterize a tumor
Staging and Grading of Tumors
- Grading: based on microscopic analysis of histological characteristics of the tumor, including cell differentiation and mitosis count (as I, II, III, IV)
- Staging: determining the extent and spread of cancer within the body (using TMN and AJC classification systems.)
Treatments
- Treatments for cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and others.
- Surgery aims to remove the tumor, used for diagnosis as well as treatment.
- Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to damage cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells, and this type of treatment is effective at certain phases of cell growth.
- Other treatments like hormonal therapy, stem cell transplants, and gene therapy are also used in the treatment of cancers.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cancer biology, including the roles of proto-oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and the immune system in cancer development. This quiz covers various manifestations, syndromes, and the impact of hormonal factors in the context of cancer. Perfect for students and professionals looking to reinforce their understanding of cancer-related concepts.
