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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of more mature areas?
What is a characteristic of more mature areas?
What is a common pattern of spread for these areas?
What is a common pattern of spread for these areas?
Which of the following is a possible site for metastasis?
Which of the following is a possible site for metastasis?
What is not a typical site for metastasis?
What is not a typical site for metastasis?
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What is a common feature of these areas?
What is a common feature of these areas?
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What is a characteristic of a multicentric tumor?
What is a characteristic of a multicentric tumor?
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What is a common location for metastases in liver cancer?
What is a common location for metastases in liver cancer?
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What imaging modality is commonly used to diagnose liver cancer?
What imaging modality is commonly used to diagnose liver cancer?
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What is a characteristic of liver cancer that has spread?
What is a characteristic of liver cancer that has spread?
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Why are CT/MRI scans used in the diagnosis of liver cancer?
Why are CT/MRI scans used in the diagnosis of liver cancer?
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What is the primary purpose of measuring vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) in neuroblastoma diagnosis?
What is the primary purpose of measuring vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) in neuroblastoma diagnosis?
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Which of the following is a urinary metabolite of catecholamines in neuroblastoma?
Which of the following is a urinary metabolite of catecholamines in neuroblastoma?
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What is the relationship between homovanillic acid (HVA) and neuroblastoma?
What is the relationship between homovanillic acid (HVA) and neuroblastoma?
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Which of the following laboratory studies is specific to neuroblastoma diagnosis?
Which of the following laboratory studies is specific to neuroblastoma diagnosis?
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What is the significance of elevated vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in neuroblastoma patients?
What is the significance of elevated vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in neuroblastoma patients?
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What is the incidence of sacrococygeal teratomas in live births?
What is the incidence of sacrococygeal teratomas in live births?
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What is the ratio of females to males affected by sacrococygeal teratomas?
What is the ratio of females to males affected by sacrococygeal teratomas?
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What percentage of sacrococygeal teratomas are benign at birth?
What percentage of sacrococygeal teratomas are benign at birth?
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At what age do approximately 50% of sacrococygeal teratomas become malignant?
At what age do approximately 50% of sacrococygeal teratomas become malignant?
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What is the percentage of antenatally diagnosed sacrococygeal teratomas at 20-week anomaly scan?
What is the percentage of antenatally diagnosed sacrococygeal teratomas at 20-week anomaly scan?
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What is the primary purpose of ultrasound in the diagnosis of sacrococygeal teratomas?
What is the primary purpose of ultrasound in the diagnosis of sacrococygeal teratomas?
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Why is rectal examination important in the preoperative work-up of sacrococygeal teratomas?
Why is rectal examination important in the preoperative work-up of sacrococygeal teratomas?
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When is ultrasound typically used in the diagnosis of sacrococygeal teratomas?
When is ultrasound typically used in the diagnosis of sacrococygeal teratomas?
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What is the primary benefit of prenatal diagnosis of sacrococygeal teratomas?
What is the primary benefit of prenatal diagnosis of sacrococygeal teratomas?
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What is the role of rectal examination in the diagnosis of sacrococygeal teratomas?
What is the role of rectal examination in the diagnosis of sacrococygeal teratomas?
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Study Notes
Tumor Characteristics
- Multicentric tumors show evidence of portal vein involvement
- More mature areas of the tumor tend to be firm
Metastasis and Spread
- Tends to spread with local extension and encasement of major vessels
- May metastasize to:
- Lymph nodes
- Bones
- Bone marrow
- Liver
- Skin
Neuroblastoma
- Investigations:
- CT/MRI (± angiography) scans: evidence of metastases (other lobe/chest/brain)
- Specific laboratory studies:
- Elevated levels of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in urine, which are metabolites of catecholamines
Sacrococygeal Teratomas (SCT)
- Incidence: 1 per 35,000-40,000 live births
- Female preponderance: 3:1
- Characteristics:
- Partly solid, partly cystic tumor
- Expansion behind the rectum
- Malignancy:
- More than 90% of tumors at birth are benign
- After 6 months, 50% are malignant
- Antenatal diagnosis:
- Diagnosed in >90% cases at 20-week anomaly scan
- Preoperative work-up and investigations:
- Rectal examination
- Ultrasound: determines the nature of the lesion (solid vs. cystic)
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Description
This quiz covers the characteristics of malignant tumors, including their tendency to spread and metastasize to other parts of the body.
