Metastasis and Tumor Invasion

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What is metastasis?

The spread of tumour from a primary site to a distant secondary location (correct)

The process of tumour cells differentiating into healthy cells

The process of tumour cells adapting to their environment

The process of tumour cells invading surrounding tissue

What percentage of tumour cells survive in circulation after 24 hours?

1%

< 0.1% (correct)

> 50%

10%

What is the first phase of the metastatic cascade?

Invasion of ECM (correct)

Tissue homing and colonization

Vascular dissemination

Detachment of tumour cells

What is the minimum number of tumour cells required to form a metastasis?

1 Signup and view all the answers

What is intravasation?

The process of tumour cells entering blood or lymphatic vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for mortality in cancer patients?

Tumour cells metastasizing to distant locations Signup and view all the answers

What is pagetoid infiltration named after?

Paget’s disease of nipple Signup and view all the answers

What is the term 'pagetoid' used to describe in dermatology?

Upward spreading of abnormal cells Signup and view all the answers

How many pathways are there for tumour cells to spread?

3 pathways Signup and view all the answers

What is one way tumour cells can disseminate through?

Direct seeding of body cavities or surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the pattern of cancer cell invasion seen in a few other epithelial malignancies?

Pagetoid infiltration Signup and view all the answers

What is the single most important criterion for malignancy?

Tumour invasion Signup and view all the answers

What serves as a clear line of demarcation for epithelial tumours?

Basement membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the combination of molecules that forms interstitial connective tissue?

Collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans Signup and view all the answers

What is the first major step in tumour invasion of ECM?

Loosening of intercellular junctions Signup and view all the answers

What type of enzymes are involved in the degradation of ECM?

Proteolytic enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why biopsies of testicular masses are never done?

To avoid haematogenous spread Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cavity is prone to direct seeding and transcoelomic spread?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a clinical example of lymphatic spread in the breast?

Peau d'orange Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the distended limb due to obstructed lymphatics?

Lymphoedema Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Krukenberg's tumour?

It spreads to the peritoneal surface producing a heavy cancerous coating Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of haematogenous spread in renal cell carcinoma?

Branches of the renal vein Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common pathway of dissemination for carcinomas?

Lymphatic spread Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sentinel lymph node mapping?

To assess the presence or absence of metastases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a rare site of metastasis?

Skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lymph nodes when tumour cells reach them via afferent lymphatic channels?

They become firmer and larger Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the growth of tumour cells into small blood vessels at the site of primary neoplasm?

Penetration Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carcinoma penetrates portal and hepatic radicles and grows into main venous channels?

Hepatocellular carcinoma Signup and view all the answers